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길희성]인도철학사 
εöл
:
쳽: ()
1984 4 30 ǹ
1994 2 25 쳿(8)
: б öа . Ϲٵб .
- Chinul, the Founder of the Korean Son Tradition
б а
Ӹ
å εö ܰ ÿ ĵ öл ΰ
ҰϷ ǵ .
ε ö 屸 ɿ , پ缺 ,
Կ ־ ȭǿ öа
̴.
ε Ŀ Ϻ ڵ Ǿ Դ.
츮 ־ εö ̾ ¿ ִٴ
̴.
̰ ұ 츮 ȭ ٰ ̷ ִٴ Ϳ ߾
̶ ƴ . ֳϸ ұ ε Ͽ
ұϰ ұ ٺ ε
뿡 Ѹ ΰ װͰ ȣۿ ӿ ұ Ǿ
̴.
п εöл縦 л鿡
Ұϸ鼭 ڴ å ̾ ߴ. ܿ
å 쳻 ེ Ѵ. ϰ
ε ö ö Ѵٴ
ƴϸ ϻ ΰ ӿ Ʋ. õк ڷμ εöп
ϳ ٴ ʹ ġ ̴. ڿ å
κ ڰ ƴ о̱ ϰ ٸ κ
ۿ . εöп Ͽ Ǹ
ĺ Թ Ƿ ̵κ ū ־. ñ ̱
鼭 켱 ڸ ۱ ϸ ư
ؼ ϰ Ѵ.
εε ٺ ̾ٴ ˷ Ƿμ, ̰
ڿ ö 뿡 ݿǰ ִ. εö ǹ̿
ٷٴ ִ. 켱 ߿
뿡 Ͽ ̰ߵ ϴ 찡 Ϻϸ,
ڷᰡ ־ ִ 찡 ʱ ̴. ٰ ε
簡 ε Ͽ Ұϴٴ ǹϴ
ƴϴ. ε öл ô ̿ ġ ȸ, ȭ ȸ
Ϲݿ ϰų ϴ ̸ ݱ ̷ 鿡
߰ϱ ƴ. ڴ å ö İ
DZ ñ ô õ ϸ鼭 ߰,
ѷġ ļ ñʹ (2: ε ö ü
ȭ)
ַ ĵ üȭ ö 뿡 ξ ߴ, ν ̹
öԹ ֱ ̴. 4
ε ſ ϰ Ǿ ִ. ٵ ǹ̿ ε
<ö>̶ θ ʱ ̴. 11
ε Ͽ ε α 5 1 ϰ ִ ̽
д.
å ܿ 縦 帮 κ
Ͽ Ƴ б öап 翡Ե
ǥѴ.
1984 2 22
εöл/
Ӹ
1 εö
1 εö
1. εö
2. ε̻
3. νķа
4. εö ô
2 öл
1.
2. < > ö
3. 帶 ö
3 Ĵϻ ö
1. Ĵϻ
2. ʱ Ĵϻ ö
3. ı Ĵϻ ö
4 Ķ ö
1.
2. ܵ
3. íī ö
4. ̳
5. úұ
5 ҽºĺұö
1. ĺұ
2. º ö
3. ü ö
4. 淮ο ں
5. ߺ ұ
6 Ķ
1. Ķ ұ
2. ٽŰ ž
3. <ٰٵ Ÿ>
4. <ؼǰ> Ÿ öл
5. Ķ ȸ Ȯ
2 εö ü
7 Ű . 䰡 ö
1. εö üȭ
2. Ű . 䰡ö
3.
4.
5. ؼ
8 · ö
1. ·ö
2.
3. , ΰ߷, Ż
9 ö
1. ö
2. ǹ̿
3. ̷
4. ߷ ̷
5.
6. ھ, , ؼ
10 ºұ
1. ºұ
2. °
11 ߰ö
1. ߰ö
2. <߷> ö
12 ı °
1.
2. Ļ
3.
4.<> <±ŷ>
13 ö
1. ö
2. ģ ö
14 ģ ö
1. ұ νķ
2. ұ
15 ̳ öü
1. ̳ νķ
2. ̳ ̻
16 ̸ ö
1. ̸ö
2. ̸ νķ
3. ̸ ̻
4. ؼ
17 ̷ Ÿö
1. ī Ÿö
2. ī ̷ Ÿö
3. ī ̷ Ÿö
3 ö
18 ̷ Ÿö
1. ̷
2. ̻
3. ؼ
19 Ÿö
1. εö
2. ̿ Ÿö
3. Թٸī ̷̺
4. ߶ ̷
5. íŸϾ Ÿö
20 ö
1. ö
2. ̹ ˴Ÿ ö
3. ν ö
4 ε
21 ε
1. ̽ α
2. ġ α
22 εö
1. κ ö
2. ũ ö
η
1. εö
2. ε ְ
3. εö ġ.ȭ ǥ
ѱ.
θ
1 εö
1 εö
1. εö
ö ̰ Ѵٰ ö̶ ܼ ΰ 屸
Ű Ǵ ƴϴ. ö Ŀ ٰŸ 캼 ,
ö̶ ñ ٺ ɻ ذ ΰ Ӿ
̴.
ΰ ߱ ɻ θ ͵ ó ִ
ȭ Ȳ ̿ پ缺 ش.
εöе ε ȸ ȭ, ߱ ġ
̻ ص . εε ΰ ߱ؾ 4
ġ purusartha Դ. kama, artha, ǹ dharma, Ż moksa
,
̵ ġ ΰ ü ʿ ϰ 䱸 ΰ ִ
̴. ̶ ΰ ſ ߱ϴ ̸, ζ ູ
Ǵ dz並 ǹϸ, ǹ ȸ μ ΰ
Ű, Ż̶ ΰ Ϸ
̴.
εö ϴ ڵ εö ɻ ٵ Ż
߱ ִٰ ǰ ִ. , ϸ ΰ 뽺 ϰ ӹڵ
ʿϿ ̰ ִ° ϴ ε ö
Ŀ ִ ִ ɻ ̴. ̷ εö ä
ϰ ִٰ ص ̴. ⼭ ̶ ϴ , 뿡ó
ʿ ſ Ͽ ־ ̼ ÿ ٰ žӻȰ ǹϴ
ƴ϶, ö Ȱ ϴ ñ ǥ 屸 Ű ϰ
Ѵ, ȭϴ ٿ 翡 ־ ö ȭ뿡 Ͽ,
긮 뿡 ⺻ ΰ ֱ , 翡 öа ̿
谡 Ͽ Դ. ̷ ȭ ٺ ʴ
ε öа ̿ 븳谡 ʾҴ ̴. Ӹ ƴ϶
ε ٺݻ ̼ ÿ ٰŸ ž ⺸ٴ
ΰ ź ü迡 ϹǷ, 翡 ϴ
žӰ ̼ faith and reason 븳̶ ʾҴ ̴. ٸ
ٲپ ε ö ,ε ö ö̶ ص
̴.
ε Ż ϱ ؼ 츮 ΰ
Ȳ ϰ ־° ߿ϴ.
ε ΰ ȸ samsaraϴ ̶ ߴ. λ ƴ϶
Ĺ ؼ Ǯϸ ϰԲ Ǿ
ִٴ ̴. ΰ karma ѷ bija Ƽ ݵ phala,
, 츮
Ʊ ϳ, Ȥ ϳ ̻ ΰ ȴٴ ̴.
ε λ , ݴ
ν ü Ȥ å ȸǵ ִ ͵ ƴϴ.
ݴ ϳ ǹϱ ̴.
ΰ ü ̺й ΰ̾. ȥ ü soul and
body Ǿ ִٴ ̴. ̿ʹ ε ΰ Ƽ anatman ϴ
ұ ϰ ü ΰ ִٰ й ΰ
ְ ִ. ε "Ĵϻ Upanisad" ̷ ΰԴ һҸ
ھ atman Ѵٴ Դ. ھƴ ȸ 迡
ϴ ھƿʹ ٸ μ, ھƸ ھƷκ Ȯϰ
Ͽ ȥ ʰ νϴ εο ־ ְ ö ֵǾ
Դ. ھƶ manas üμ 츮 .
ھƸ ǹѴ. εö ̸
ʴ´. 翡 ̿ ΰ ߴ ʾ, ھ
ھƿ ھ, Ȥ ̻ ھƿ ھƿ
߽õǰ ̴. ΰ ȸ 迡 ϴ ڱ ھƸ
ϰ θ ھ, ھƿ Ͻϱ ̶ Ѵ.
ھ , ھƿ ھƿ 迡 ؼ ε öе
ٸ ظ ̰ ֱ ϳ, ھ ȥ ¸ λ ִ
뼺 ϰ ִ ̴. Ͽ ھư ھ
κ عǾ ִ° ϴ εö ٺ
ɻ̴. ̴ 踦 Ѿ ʴ 踦
Žϴ ̻ εö ٰ ̷ ̴.
2. ε̻
Russel 'öл' ϰ ִ.
ݰ Ͽ ϴ. ̻п ־
̶ ־ٸ װ ̷ ٵ Ǿ
ٰ Ǿ , Ǵ ڵ鿡 Ǵ ݴ鿡 ϱ
Ͽ 籸Ǵ ִ ̴. ̷ ü ϳ ϳ
ָ ϴ ſ̸ ǿ ص̴.
̵ ϳ Ͽ ü, ٸ
˷ Ϸ ʿѰ ߰ϴ ̴
츮 ̷ ̻п ظ εöп ״ ִٰ
. ̶̻ ñ ü ṵ̈
ؼ̸, ؼ ϳ ϰ ִ. ߴϱ ̷
ؼ ü谡 ڱ״ Ƶ鿩 ̺а ؿ, ó
̻ü踦 ν ϱ ư ̴. ٰ Ͽ
öڵó ̻ ǹ ľϴ ͵ ̻
״ Ϸ Ǹ ġ ̴. ̶
Ǵ κ ̽Ŀ ѵǴ ̸, ̻
ٺ ̿ʹ ǵ ٸ ̴. ̻ ΰ ñ ǹ̸ ã
ϴ ־ ʿ ü ľ ظ
ٺ ִ ̴.
ε ̻ Ż̶ ̻ տ
, ̰ ϱ, Ȥ ̱ ̷
ִ° Ͽ ̷ ̴.1) 츮
ϰڰŴϿ ε öе ̷ Ͽ ñ , ñ
, 迡 ſ ִ ̰ , ϸ 踦
غϰ 迡 ϰ ɱ ϴ ؼ ظ
ϴ ̴.
3 νķа
εö ̷ ̻ ̷ ߴ Ͽ
νķ ߴٰ ؼ ȵȴ. ʹ ݴ ε κ
öĵ ڱ ̻ ؼ ħŰ װͰ Ұи 踦
ν ٷ ùٸ ؼ ö ʰ
Դ. Ͽ ν Ÿ pramana ִ° Ͽ
ĵ м Ͽ. ü pratyaksa
̿ ٰ ߷ anumana, Ÿ sabda, Ư Veda
ֿ ν ϰ Ǿ. ϴ
ϴĴ ߿ μ ε ö װ ϴ öа astika
װ ʴ, ұ ̳ Jaina , nastika
еDZ Ѵ. Ÿ ν ̳Ŀ ʴ ̻
翡 ظ θ ʿ䰡 . ĵ Ͽ
ɰ ̴.
̻ , εö δ ɿ ̻
纯 ̸ ° ϸ, ٸ δ νķа ϰ
Ͽ ̻ 纯 ħŰ ߴٰ ִ.
4. εö ô
εö ũ 4 ִ. 1 B.C. 1500 B.C.200
濡 ̸ ̴. ñ 켱 ε ְ ٰ ñ̴. Ư
ö κ Ĵϻ Upanisad ļ ü öĵ鿡Լ ߰ߵ
߿ μ κ ϰ ִ.
εȭ ü θ ִ 뼭 <ϹٶŸ Mahabharata> ü
B.C.200濡 Ǿ ־, ȿ 츮 ö ãƺ
ִ. Ư 'ϹٶŸ' Ϻκ 'ٰٵ Ÿ Bhagavad Gita' α
̶̺ Ҹ μ, üȭ ִ ǰ
ö ƴ ߿ ö ִ. ñ
ұ ̳ , ٿ ٶ Brahmana ʴ ٶ
ö Ͽ ٶ ϰ ṉ̃ ϴ. Ư ε
Ͽ 츮( 320-183 B.C.) ұ Ƽī(269-232 B.C.) Ǹ
εӸ ƴ϶ α ϳ ϰ Ǿ.
εö 2 B.C. 200 Ͽ A.D. 1000濡 ̸ ü
.
Ÿ ̵ ö پȭǰ ȭǾ ħ 20
ĺұ 븳 Ǿ, ĵ ڱ ö
" abhidharma" üȭŰ Ǿ. ǥ º
Theravada ü Sarvastivada ̴.
̷ ұ ö Ȱ ڱ ٶ پ
üȭǾ ǥǰ Ǿ. ̵ ڱ ö " sutra"
ϰ ߴ. ̸ Mimamsa "̸ Mimamsa-sutra",
Ÿ Vedanata "帶 Brahma-sutra", Nyaya "߰
Nyaya-sutra". ̼νī Vaisika "̼νī Vaisesika-sutra", Ű Samkhya
"Ű Samkhyakarika", 䰡 Yoga "䰡 Yoga-sutra"
üȭô ݱ μ ö ٺ ̴. ̵
ö ϰ ̾ üμ 縮 ϱⰡ
Ƿ ڿ 鿡 ּ Ǿ, ̵ ּ ٸ
ָ ϰ Ǿ. εö ̷ ̷ ּ Ȱ Ͽ
̷ ̴. ̰ ö ٺ ߽ ̷ Ͱ
ִ μ, ε öڵ ƹ ڱⰡ ο
ݵ ڱⰡ ĸ ߽ Ͽ Ŀ ִ
̳ ּ ؼϴ Ͽ ̴. ε ǽ ϴٰ
ϰŴϿ ̿ ߽ϴ ߽ öȰ ε ö
缺 ־. εöл翡 ־ κ
߿ öڵ 븦 Ȯϰ ٴ 쿬 ƴ
̴.
εö 2 ºұ Ͽ ° Ұ ̿ Ҿ
¼е ߴǾ ߰ Madhyamika, 䰡 Yogacara ĵ Ǿ.
̵ ºұ öе Ķ ö ū ġ Ǿ.
εö 3 11 18 ó ̸ Ⱓμ, ġδ ñ
ε ̽ ħ ġ Ͽ ̴. ұ
̹ ε 信 Ǿ 缺
ٶ žӿ յǾ 츮
"α Hinduism" θ ִ ̰ μ ڸ Ǿ.
ٵ VisouŰ Siva žӿ ε ϰ Ǿ,
öе ڿ ٺ ǿ.
Ⱓ ȿ 2 ü ĵ ؼ ö Ȱ
Ͽ
ּ Թ м , εö â ñ ̹
ٰ
ص ƴϴ.
18 ȭ εκ Ͽ ó ̸
Ⱓ εö 4 ִ. ñ ε ε
й Ͽ ڽ , ö, ȭ ߰ϰ ñμ,
̿ Ծ α Ȱ Ǿ εö ܺμ迡
Ұϴ Ǿ. öδ ѷϰ ο ô
ϰ ִ.
*
1. α εȭ ݿ å
Basham, A.L., ^46,46^The Wonder that was ^46^India. New York, 1954. ̽
εȭ ݿ ִ .
de Bary, W.T. ed., ^46,46^Sources of Indian ^46^Tradition. New York, 1958. ε
ȭ, 뿡 ڷ .
Bechert, H. und von Simson, G., ^46,46^Einfuhrung in die Indologie, Stand,
Methoden, Aufgaben, Darmstadt, 1979. ε ݿ , Ұ.
Embree, A.T. ed., ^46^The ^46^Hindu ^46^Tradition. New York, 1966. ^46,46^Sources
of Indian ^46^Tradition å.
Eliot, C., ^46^Hinduism ^46^and ^46^Buddhism. 3 vols, London, 1922. α ұ
Farquhar, J.N., ^46,46^an outline of the Religious Literature of ^46^india.
Oxford, 1920. ε 鿡 ؼ.
Hopkins, T.J., ^46,46^The Hindu Religious ^46^Tradition. California, 1971. α
.
Heimann, B., ^46,46Facets of Indian ^46^Thought. London, 1964. εȭ
Ư¡鿡 ִ .
Maajumder, R.C., H.C. Raychaudhuri, and K. Datta, ^46,46^An Advanced Histroy of
^46^ India. London, 1950. ôκ ̸ ε ġ, , ȸ,
.
Renou, L.,^46,46^Religions of Ancient ^46^India. London, 1953. α
Թ.
^46,46^La Civilisation de l'Inde ^46^ancienne. Paris, 1950. εд밡
εȭ .
Thapa, R. ^46^A Histroy of ^46^India. Vol. I. Baltimore, 1966. 16
ε簳.
Winternit, M. ^46,46^Geschichte der indischen ^46^Literatur. 3vols. Leipzing,
1909~1920. εл ִ . S. Ketkar , ^46,46^History of
Indian Literature. 2vols. Calcutta, 1927~1933.
2. εö ݿ å
Bhattacharyya, H., ed., ^46,46^The Cultural Heritage of ^46^India. Vol.3:
^46^The ^46^Philosophies. Calcutta, 1953. εöڵ鿡 öĵ鿡
.
Chatterjee, S, and D. Datta, ^46,46^An Introduction to Indian Philosophy. εöп
Թ.
Cowell, E.B. and A.E. Gough, trans. ^46,46^The Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha, London. 1914.
14 εö Madhava "öü谭" .
Deussen, P., ^46,46^Allgemeine Geschichte der ^46^Philosophie. Vol I, 1-3.
Leipzig, 1894. Ÿö öл Ϻημ εöл.
Dasgupts, S., ^46,46^A Histroy of Indian ^46^Philosophy. 5 vols. εöп
μ å.
Frauwallner, E., ^46,46^Geschichte der indischen ^46^Philosophie. Salzburg, 1953.
V.M. Bedekar , ^46,46^History of Indian ^46^Philosophy, 2 vols. Delhi, 1973.
̿ϼ εöл.
Glasenapp, H. v., ^46,46^Entwicklungsstufen des indischen ^46^Denkens. Halle,1940.
εöп 밡 ε.
^46^Die Philosophie der ^46^Inder. Stuttgart, 1974. εö
ĺ .
Hiriyanna, M., ^46,46^Outlines of Indian ^46^Philosophy. London, 1932. θ
εö .
Potter, K., ^46,46^Presuppositions of Indian ^46^Philosophy. Englewood Cliffs, 1963.
εö ظ ٺ鿡 ο .
ed., ^46,46^Bibligraphy of Indian Philosophy. εö Ϻ
з .
Nakamura, H., ^46,46^aareligions and Philosophies of India: A Survey
with Bibliographical ^46^Notes. 3 vols. Tokyo, 1973. Ϻ εд밡
ε. ö ħ.
Radhakrishnan, S. ^46^Indian ^46^Philosophy. 2 vols. London, 1923, 1927.
ε ǥ ϳ εö ؼ.
Radhakrishnan, S. and C.A. Moore, eds., ^46,46^A Sourcebook in Indian
^46^Philosophy. Princeton, 1957. εö 1 ڷ() Ͽ
.
Ruben, W. ^46,46^Geschichte der indischen ^46^Philosophie. Berlin, 1954.
εöл.
Sharma, C. ^46,46^Indian Philosophy: A critical ^46^survey. New York, 1962.
εöĿ ؼ.
Zummer, H. ^46^Philosophies ^46^of ^46^India. Princeton, 1951. εö ݿ
ɿ ؼ.
.
1) εöп ̷ ؼ õ μ Karl H. Potter
^46,46^Presuppositions of india's ^46^Philosophies (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey:
Prentice-Hall,inc., 1963) .
2 öл
1.
ε ־ ö α ̸ְ κ öĵ
ϴ ٿ ãƺ ִ. ±
1500 ε Ϻθ ħϿ ֹε ϰ ο ٰŸ
Ƹ Aryan̾. ī罺 ʿ뿡
μ ε Indo-European Ϻο.
̵ ε ± 2000濡 ʿ ٸ ̵ϰ
Ǿ Ͽ ̵
Ƹ δ ̶濡 ϰ ٸ δ Ͻź Ͽ
ε Ϻθ ħϿ ̴. ̷ Ÿ û ⸦
ο μ 1500 1000 ̿ Panjab ϰ
ٹȭ ̷ ̴. 꽺ũƮ Sanskritμ ε
Ѵ.
ٴ ΰ Ǿ װ 뷫 ¸ ߰
A.D 200 ķ ȴ. ٴ εε鿡 Ͽ ſ
ǽ . ſ ĵ
ĵ ְϴ е 4(hotr, udgatr, adhavaryu, brahman)
Ǿ. ٵ 鿡 Ǵ 뵵 " Rg Veda", "ָ
Yajur Vwda", "Ÿ Atharva Veda" 4 Ǿ ǰ Ǿ.
߿ ߿ϰ ö ġ " "
̸, "Ÿ " Ȥ ö 纯 ãƺ ִ.
ٴ ΰ ڿ ȿ ô ̸ ݿϴ
ǰ Ǿ. 4 ٴ 4κ Ǿ
ִ.
ù° ַ ŵ鿡 Ʈ mantra Samhita̰, °
İ ǹ̵ ϰ ϴ 깮 帶 Brahmana̸,
帶 и Aranyaka ö dz Ǵϻ
Upanisad ηó ִ. ٶ 뿡 ϸ κ ַ Ǹ
߽ ΰ ǹ ֿ ̹Ƿ " Karma.kanda"̶ Ҹ,
κ ö ߿ κ ̷ٰ Ͽ " Jnana.kanda"̶
θ. ־ Ĵϻ ε öл õ ̷ ſ ߿ ̸,
ִٰ Ͽ Ÿ Vedanta Ī ִ. ε ϴ
ڵ ε 帶 깰̸, Ĵϻ
öڵκ Դٰ Ѵ. κ Ư¡ ̶ ϰڴ. ƶī
Aranyaka 帶 ߽ Ĵϻ ö. ̻ 纯
Ѿ ⸦ ǥϴ μ ѷ ʾ 帶
ǻ ϱ ִ. κп Ÿ ö
.1)
1) '' ȴ. Ƿ
κи
ǹϳ Ƿδ 帶 Ĵϻ带 Ͽ ´ ̴. 츮 켱
⼭ ǹ̷ ϱ Ѵ.
2 " " ö
εε ڿ 迡 Ͽ ź ̰ .
ڿ ε ó ΰ Ģ Ͽ Ǵ ü
ƴ϶ ϴ ź Ͽ Ǵ ִ ̴.
Ͽ ̷ ź ڿ Կ ־ Ŀ
ִ ΰ ϰ ִٰ 縦
ΰ 踦 ߴ. ̷ ΰȭ ڿ " " 1028
۰ ǰ ִ ŵ ̴. ŵ ڿ迡 ־
Ȱ
з ִ. , ȣڶ Ҹ ٷ糪,
ϴ 콺, ¾ Ʈ ϴÿ ϴ ŵ, õհ
dz ε, dz Ʈ, ٶ ϴ ,
ȵǴ Ʊ״, Ҹ, Ƽ
ŵ ̴. ̷ ڿ ŵ ̿ܿ ε ΰ ӿ ź
͵鵵 ΰݽȭϿ ߴ. ̳
Brhaspati ̴. ε , ΰݰ 繰,
Ű ,
ü Ӽ Ȯ ʴ Ҵٰ ִ.(2)
ŵ ϰ ִ ڿ ̰ 谡 ƴ϶ Ģ
ϰ ִٴ ε ν Ģ "Ÿ"
ǥߴ. "Ÿ" 꽺ũƮ "" ϴµ,
繰 ڿ ϴ ǹѴ. ̴ ߱ 信
Ѵٰ
ְڴ.̹ ٷ糪 ٷ ΰ
ϰ ִ μ ε ö Ÿ
̶ ϰڴ. ̷ " " ٷ糪 ߴ
Ƹ ֵǴ dz ε Ȥ 翡
Ʊ״ϰ ε .
ٿ ־ 츮 ָ ̿ 踦
ȴٰ ٽű ܿ ̹ Ŀ ִ
ǽĵ ־ٴ ̴.
Ƽ ī âμ صDZ Ͽ, Ǵ ƹ
ΰ ݵ , ̻ 'Tad Ekam' That
One صDZ Ͽ. Ƽ ' ' , ٸ
ŵ Īȣμ Ǵٰ ߿ â μ θ Ǿ,
ī ' ' ߽ ε ¾ŵ ŵ
Ī̾ ΰȭǾ â ǰ ̴.
, " " Ÿ Ͽ ̻ 'â
Hymn of creation'̶ Ҹ ö ̴.
ʿ ƴ ͵ . ϴõ -
絵 һ絵 ̳ ǥ¡ . ü
Ͽ ٶ ־, ܿ ƹ͵ . ó ҿ
־ ǥ¡ ̾. ó ڼ
. 깰, , ε μ ã ӿ
߰ߴ - â ־, Ʒ 浿
־ - ŵ âĿ ¾. 谡 κ
˰ڴ°? - ϴÿ 踦 Ǵ , ˰. ƴ
.
â ǥ ־ Һи ⼭ ϴ
ڶ
ΰ ƴϸ 赵 â ߴٱ ٴ
ϳ κ ûϰ ִ. ŵ
âĿ
ٰ ν ٽű и ʿϰ ִ. ڶ
̻ 簡 Ĵϻ忡ó ΰ̰ 信
̸ ϰ '','' ǥ Ͽ ִ. Ӹ ƴ϶ ڰ
Ͽ Ǿٰ ϴ Ͽ ö Ű
ִ. " " ٸ ϱ⸦ ' ϳ 縦 ε
θ '(4) Ͽ ŵ ñ پ ǥ
ʴ´ٴ Ͽ и ְ ִ ̴.
ŵ ڿӸ ƴ϶ ΰ ȭ Ѵٰ
. ΰ ǿ .
Ű 迡 صǸ, Ĵϻ Ŀ
־ó ΰ ΰ ī Ģ ƴϴ.
ΰ 迡 ´ٴ Ÿ ,
õ ŵ Բ, Ȥ Բ ູ ٰ ε
Ͼ. , ΰ ¾, ٶ, , ʹ ,
ưٰ ϴ ΰ ϳ ҿַ ãƺ ִ.
ȥ Ҹ ȥ и ãƺ ƴ.
ΰ ī Ģ ȸ 迡 縦 Ǯؾ Ѵٴ ̳
ݵǴ Ż ̻ ãƺ . ü ε õ̸
ٰ̾ ִ.
3 帶 ö
帶 ϰ ؼ ؼμ, ַ İ ǹ̿
ϴ ̴. Ȯ , 900 700
̿ Ǿٰ ȴ. ߿ ϰ ߿
'ָ ' ִ 'ŸŸ 帶'̴. 帶 ,
Ŀ Թ ϴ κ DZ Vidhi, ۰Mantra ǹ,
ִ κ Ƿ еȴ.
帶 ٵ 츮 ָ ȭ̸,
簡 Ǿ ִٴ ̴. ̰ ð
ȭǾ Ķ, ȸ ǥ ֵȴ.
ſ ǥ̰ų Ȥ ŵ Ǹ ҿϴ,
߽ , ǽ ȭǰ ü
Ǿ, ü ȿ ϴ ŵ ̴
ƹ ٰ ϰ Ǿ. ϴ ŵ ƴ϶ ٷ
ùٸ ü̸, ٰ ϰ ̴.
߿ 츮 ϰ ö ϳ Ǫ ̸Ĵ ̷
ڷμ, ƹ ǹ̸ ʴ´ٰ Ѵ.
縦 ǹ̸ ϴ '' ̹ Ÿ ִ.
'' 10 90ۿ ŵ鿡 Ͽ ΰ ν
ü ٰܳ Ѵ. κ , κ , κ
ȵ Ʊ״Ͻ, κ ٶ , κ ߱,
Ӹκ ϴ, ߷κ , ͷκ ٴ ̴. Ӹ ƴ϶ ü
缺 Ͽ ٰܳ Ѵ. ٶ ̾ ũƮƴ
, ̻ ٸ, ٰ̾ Ѵ.
¡ ǹ̸ , ٵ ü
ٺ Ǿ Ͻϰ ִ ̴. 帶 ̷ ְ
Ͽ ϰ ִ ҵ ŵ̳
¡ Ѽ, ü ٺ Ǹ ü
ϰ ִٰ Ѵ. ̷ ְϴ ٶ ŵ ġ
ֵǰ ִ. 'ŸŸ 帶' ϱ⸦, "ſ ִ.
̸, нĿ ־ ٿ ȿ ٶ ΰ ̴" ϰ ̴.
̷ κ εöп ־ ߿伺 ϰ Ǵ
Ʈ Ǿ 츮 ָؾ Ѵ.
ù°, 常̶ μ Ÿ ̴.
ٿ ̹ ߰ߵǸ, ۰ ּ , Ȥ ִ
ź ߴ. ϴ 帶 ͼ 翡
ϴ ǹϰ Ǿ, ٽ ̷
õ̱ ÿ ŵ Ŀ ִ ٿ ǹϰ
̴. 'ŸŸ 帶' ϱ⸦, " 常̾.
װ ŵ â߰, Ŀ ŵ Ͽ 鿡 ߴ. , Ʊ״ϴ
, ߿, ϴÿ" 常 ŵ Ǹ
ٿ Ǵ ñ ̴. ̺常 ÿ 縦
ְϴ ٶ ϰ ִ ź ̱ ̴. ̷ 常
Ĵϻ忡 ͼ ȭǰ Ǿ εöп ־ ߿
Ǿ.
帶 ° ΰ
̴. 帶 ַ μ, ùٸ
ڿ Ģ , 濡 ڵ ʷϰԲ
Ǿ ִٴ ̴. '' ڿ Ģ ǹϴ Ÿ
帶 ͼ ٵ ùٸ ǽİ Ͽ մ
ʿ ʷϰԲ ϴ Ģ ǹϰ ̴. εöп
־ ̴ٽ ī() Ģ ̷ 帶
Ǿ ִ ̴.
ܿ 帶 پ ö ߰ߵȴ.
踦 Ű ִ ٺ Ҽ ʸ , ΰ
ؼ Ű ü ľϿ ϰ ڸ 'Ʈ(ھ)',
'(DZ)', '()' ̸ θ ִ. ̵ 鿡
帶 Ŀ Ǿ Ư ǹ̸ ϰ Ǿ, õ
帶 ʿ䰡 ִ. Ư Ʈ ߿
ǰ ſ ǹִ Ϸμ, Ĵϻ忡 ̿
ִ ߰ ִ.
3 Ĵϻ ö
1 Ĵϻ
ٿ 帶 ̹ ̱ εο
Ĵϻ忡 ͼ ̷. ̴ پ
ñ ʰ ʴ ŽϷ
̻
̴. δ ΰȭ ڿμ ŵ ³
ʿϿ 쿡 ִ ٺ ϳ ſ ߱ Ÿ.
Ư ݰ ŵ 迡 ӹ ִ
μ, ñ ߱ϴ Ĵϻ öε ̻
ų ̴. ߱ϴ ö ǥ װ ν
ٸ ͵ ˰ Ǵ ϳ ٿ ü ̴. Ĵϻ
̷ ε ̻ 깰μ, εö ü
ġ Ǿ. ġϰ ִ Ͽ Ÿ( Ȥ )
Ҹ, ö ϳ Ÿ ö ̷ Ӹ ƴ϶, ٸ Ŀ
ġ Ǿ.
̹ ٴ 뿡 ־ ΰ , Ư ǹ
ٷ , ̻ ٷ Ǿ Դ. Ĵϻ
ڿ ϴ ̴. Ĵϻ忡 ̻ ̿ܿ
帶 ǿ , Ư
ö Ǵ ̻ ߰ߵǴ ̴.
Ĵϻ ̻ ܼ ȣɿ ƴ϶,
ϴ ϰ 뽺 ü ʿϿ 翡 Ϸ
ο ̾. Ĵϻ忡 ͼ εε ΰ
̶ ī Ģ Ͽ ȸ 迡 縦 Ǯؾ ϴ
̶ ϰ Ǿ. ġ Ǯ ٻͿ ٸ ٻͷ Űܰ
ٸ ٽ ¾߸ Ѵٴ ̴. Ĵϻ
öε Ͽ ̷ ǹϰ 뽺
Ǯ̿ عǾ ִ° Ǿ.
̷ Ǯ̷κ ؼ ùٸ װ
̰ų ̰ų ̹ ȿ ϰ Ǿ. ֳϸ
̵簣 ݵ ʷϰԲ Ǿ ־, ƹ
츮 ؼ ȸ 迡 ӹڽŰ ̱ ̴.
´ ص ü ϴ ̴. Ĵϻ
öε ߰ ؼ ƴ϶ ϰ
ü ƴ ʿϴٴ ݰ ̴. ⼭ 帶 縦
߽ ö غǰ Ǵ ̴. Ĵϻ忡 ϴ ̶
踦 ϴ ϻ ƴ϶, ֿ λ
ƴ ź ̾. Ĵϻ öε ź ƹԳ
Ժη ʾҰ, ° Ư Ʒ ɽ
μ ߴ ̴. 'Ĵϻ' " ɴ´" μ,
ڰ ɾ ȭ Ͽ ߴٴ ־
̸̴. Ĵϻ Ž ַ ȭ Ǹ, 츮
ȭ Ͽ Ĵϻ öε ñ 縦 ߱ϴ ö
ٶ ִ. ̷ ȭ ϴ
ڵ ٶ Ӹ ƴ϶ ũƮƳ Ȥ ŵ
ڵ ԵǾ ִٴ ָ ̴.
Ĵϻ Ⱓ ļ پϰ μ,
Ĵϻ ̸ 150 200 ̸ ִ.
߿ 帶 ҼӵǾ ִ ֿ Ĵϻ 13μ,
ñ B.C 700κ A.D 200 ̿ ٰ Ǹ,
ȿ 帧 ߰ߵǰ ϳ ϰ ϰ
ƴϴ. 켱 '긣ϵƶī Ĵϻ' 'î Ĵϻ' ǥǴ
ʱ Ĵϻ ߽ɻ ϱ .
2 ʱ Ĵϻ ö
Ĵϻ ñ 常 ƴ ̴. 常
帶 翡 ̴ Ȥ Ÿ
̾ 츮 ̹ Ҵ. Ĵϻ ͼ ̻
Ͽ, ǿ ǹ̴ ñ ü ǹϴ
θ ִ. ̴ Ǵ ٽ صǸ, ̴
پ Ŀ ִ ̴. κ , Է
ٽ ǰ Ǵ ٿ̸ ̴.
ʿ ѵ ־. κ
ְڴ°? ڰ ٰ ǰ ; ߰ ߰
ߴ. ڰ ̵ ִ ھƷμ
鳻 ̸ ״. Ұ
Ͼ ̰ ̵ ̰ κ ͵
Ͽ ̸ ־ ʴ´. ΰ ͼ
ҵ ̼ κ Ǿ.
ī ̷ ַ 纯 и پ ̷ ϳ
ü ϰ , ̿ ÿ پ缺
ҵ ȥ Ϸ ̰ ִ. ̷ ߿ Ű Ŀ
Ͽ 踦 ϴ Ʈ, ڽ, Ÿ Ҽ ǰ Ǵ ̴.
ī ư ַ 纯 ΰ
ֿ ΰ ûϰ ִ.
'ŸƼ Ĵϻ' ¿ 常κ Ǿ
ΰ縦 ߽ Ͽ ټ ܰ Ͽ ϰ ִ.
常 ΰ翡 ־ ټ ھƷ Ÿ ִٴ ̴.
̷ , ̷ ھ,
Ȱ ھ, ΰ ϰ ִ νȰ ھ,
ܰμ ̷ ھƸ ϰ ִ. ھƶ
ΰ ϴ 常 ü ̴.
Ĵϻ ñ 常 常 踦
ν ϰ ִ.
Ź̿ Ź̷κ Ź, ݰ ǵ,
Ұ Ҳɵ, , Ȥ DZ DZ Ҹ
̴. Ͻϰ ִ ٴ (1) μ, ˸ ٸ
, Һϴ ̸ ٴ ȭϴ μ ̸
¿ ʴ´ٴ ̴. ī ̷ Ÿ öп ϴ
ٿ 踦 츮 ȯ ش Ĵϻ忡
и Ÿ Ͻδ ̹ ϰ ִٰ ִ. Ư
'ŸŸ' ı Ĵϻ 常 ΰ ̽ٶ()μ
ľϸ ȯ Ͽ Ÿ ٰ ϰ ִ.
ٸ δ 谡 常κ Ǿ ̰ų
Ȥ װ ŭ ȯ 常 ٺ
ٸ ʴٰ ŷ ٺ ߰ߵǰ ִ. 常
̱ 常 Ŀ Ȥ ӿ ϰ ֱ
̴. Ͽ Ĵϻ忡 踦 常 ,
常̶ 縦 ٰŷ ϵ ܼ Ÿ ̴
Ϳ ʴ´ٴ , ߰ߵǰ ִ ̴. ڴ ٳ
常 ̹ ߰ߵǴ ֹ ̸, ڴ Ĵϻ
Ư ö ִ. ڴ ñ̰
常 ϰ ϴ 踦 ľغ ̴.
Ĵϻ ö ߿ ٵ 常 ַ 纯
Ѿ ñ 縦 ü ľߴٴ ִ. , ñ
常 ٸ ƴ ΰ Ͽ Ĵϻ öε
Ž ȯϿ ھ Ž ̴. ȯ
ַ 纯κ ΰ ڱ ȯ ǹϴ
μ Ĵϻ Ҹ ̾. ȸδ ȯ
ǽ ϸ鼭 常 ϴٽ ٶ
ݹ߷μ ص ִ. Ĵϻ忡 ٶ ƴ
öε ϰ ִٴ ̷ ûϰ ִ ̴.
ٶ 縦 Ű ϴ Ȱ ȸǸ ǰ ڱ ڽ
ھƸ ãν ñ ϰ ϴ ̴.
(Deussen Ư Ksatriya Ĵϻ ó
Ǿٰ Ѵ)
Ĵϻ ΰ ھƸ Ʈ̶ ҷ. 'Ʈ'̶ ״ 'ھ'
, ΰ Һϴ ھƸ ϰ ִ° ϴ
Ĵϻ öε ִ ɻ翴. 츮 Ͽ 纯
Ĵϻ忡
ã ִ. 켱 ΰ ٰŷμ ŷеǰ ִ .
ֳϸ ΰ ٸ Ȱ ϰ õ
̱ ̴. ΰ ٴ ϰ ִ.
δ DZ, ΰ ھƷμ ŷеDZ Ѵ.
Ĵϻ 纯 ݰ ΰ
ھƶ ü ҿʹ װͺ عٴڿ ִ
ϰ Ǵµ ִ. ̷ ȭ 纯 ھ 4 ¿
̷п Ÿ ִ. ù° 츮 ִ ¿ ھ̴. , 츮
ܰ ˿ Ͽ Ȱϰ ִ ̴. ¿ ھƴ 츮
ϽõǸ ھư ̴. ° ٴ ·μ, ̶
츮 츮 , ǽ
Ȱϰ ü Ͽ ̴( , )
踦 Ƿ ̴. ⼭ ھƴ ߰ߵ ʰ
ھƿ ȥǰ ִ ̴. ° ھ ´ ̺ ·,
̴. ⼭ ̳ ǽۿ뵵 شϴ
ȴ. , ְ 븳 ʿǰ پ缺 Ѽ
ູϰ ȭ ̴. ٰ ̰ ǽ ¸ ǹϴ
ƴϴ. ̰ Ư ѵ ǽ ƴ ĸ عٴڿ
ִ ¶ Ѵ. 'î Ĵϻ' ī ¸
ھư ϰ ü ã · Ѵ. ġ ̸
ƴٴϴٰ ħ ڱ ڸ ƿͼ ִ ¿ ϰ
ִ. 'Ű Ĵϻ' ı Ĵϻ忡 ư 4
¸ · ϰ ִ. 4° ھ ´ ·μ,
° ¿ 븳 ʿǸ, Ȱ
ģ ̴. ¾߸ ھư ƹ ؾ ϰ 巯
̴. ھư Ư ǽμ ϴ ̴.
´ μ ־ ʰ 䰡 Ʒ Ͽ ־
ź ü ̴. Ĵϻ ö Ű߿ ϸ ھƴ ΰ
ν Ȱ Ŀ װ Ѻ ΰ üμ
츮 ν ٰ Ѵ. ֳϸ ü ν̿, ٸ
ν üμ ü ν ̴. Ͽ
ڸ ιۿ ˷ ̴. ̳ ǵ Ұϴ.
, ' ƴϰ ƴϴ' ιۿ ̾߱
ļ ϰ ִ.
ھƴ ̳ 볳 ʴ, ΰ ھ̴.
ī Ƶ Ÿ ν ġ ִ.
κ ä ϳ ̵,
ϳ ٴ幰 ̷, Ʈ ƹ ٴ ̴. Ӹ
ƴ϶ Ʈ ٸ ƴ 常μ ΰӸ ƴ϶
̷ ̴. ұ κ ұ ֵ
Ʈ ϴ Ϳ ϴ ̶ ̴. ΰ
ϳ ñ 翡 ϰ 常 Ʈ̿, Ʈ
ΰ ϴ 常 ̴. ٷ Ͽ ݴ
Ĵϻ忡 ϴ ְ ̴. 'װ װ̴' Ȥ ' ̴'
Ĵϻ ִ ̴. ٳ 帶
ô뿡 ־ ̹ ΰ ҿַ ذ ߰ߵ, Ĵϻ忡 ͼ
ö ȭǾ 簡 ٸ ƴ ҿַμ ΰ
ľǵǴ ̴. 常 ̷ ΰ ־ ü ľǵ ,
常 Һϴ , , μ ľǵǰ Ǿ, ÿ
ΰ ϰ Ͻõ ̴.
ڱⰡ 常̶ ݴ η عȴ.
ֳϸ ڱڽ ̿ܿ ϰų η ٸ ƹ ʱ
̴. ̷ κ ο Ŀ ٽ ȯϴ
常 üμ ̰ ȴ.
ֵǾ ȵȴ. Ż̶ ᱹ ̹
ڽſ ùٸ Ͽ ־ ̳ ٸ ٴ Ż 츮
̹ Ĵϻ忡 ãƺ ִ. ٸ δ ''
帶 Ż Ŀ ŵ 常
̸ ϱ Ѵ.
3 ı Ĵϻ ö
̻ 츮 ʱ Ĵϻ ֿ 뷫 캸Ҵ. 'īŸ
Ĵϻ', 'ŸŸ Ĵϻ' ֱ Ĵϻ
.(߱ ϴ Ĵϻ ܿ ̻, ī ִ. Mundaka
Upanisad Atharva Veda ҼӵǾ ְ Yajur Veda ִ)
̵ ߱ Ĵϻ ü B C 500 B C 200 ̿ μ,
Ļ 깮 ַ Ư¡̴. ǿ ־
'긣ϵƶ߳ī' Ϳ ϸ ξ ª ϴٴ
Ư ִ. δ ʱ Ĵϻ忡 ߰ߵǰ ִ 帶
ַ 纯 پ ִ. 'īŸ Ĵϻ' ־ ö
Ӱ ߿ Ű߳ 䰡 ö ٿ ִٴ ̴.
'ī Ĵϻ' Ʈ ο ϰ ִ. 츮 ̰,
츮 , , ,
濡 ǰ ִ. ִ ڴ ߸ ϰ,
Ƽ Ͽ ٽô ȸ 迡 ¾ ,
ڴ ݴ ̲ ȸ 迡 ϰ ȴٴ ̴.
⼭ 'Ѵ' 䰡 μ Ż õ ٽ
Ǵ ̴. ̷ õ ÿ ̸ ħִ ̻
鿡 纯 'īŸ Ĵϻ' ǰ ִ. ü
ؼϿ 䰡 Ʒ Ͽ 翡
ϵ ̷ ħ ϴ ̴. , ٴ ,
躸ٴ DZ, DZٺٴ , ٴ , ƺٴ
ٴ ̾߱ǰ ִ ̴. ̷ ߿
Ű öп ϳ ̷ ǰ Ǵ μ,
Ŀ Ű Ѵ.
⼭ Ѱ Ǿ ߱ Ĵϻ忡 Ű
̿ Ÿ ʴٴ ̴. , װͰ
ϼ ִ μ, Ȥ 常 صǰ ִ
̴. ٽ ϸ ŷ ̿ Ĵϻ忡 ãƺ ƴٴ ̴.
߱ Ĵϻ ϳ ߿ 'ŸŸ Ĵϻ'̴.
'īŸ Ĵϻ' , B C 2~ 3 ȴ.
Ĵϻ忡 䰡 õ Ͽ 'īŸ Ĵϻ'ٵ
߰ߵȴ. ̸ 䰡 ϴ , ڼ, ȣ , 䰡 ǽ
ڿ ɷ ϰ ִ. Ӹ ƴ϶ 䰡 ñ ǥ νĿ
ν ȥ ӹκ عŲٰ Ѵ.
ϴ ڷμ, âϰ ȿ ϸ ڸ
ٽ ȸϴ ̴. 츮 ѿ Ű
žϴ ڴ ִٰ Ѵ.
ʱ Ĵϻ忡 常 ü ΰ ̻ صǰ
⼭ и 踦 ϴ ΰݽ ֵǰ ִ. Ư
ϳ θ ߿ Ű
ϽõǴ ̶ ʿ䰡 ִ. ̷ 'ŸŸ'
Ͻ ž 3~ 4 žӿ
ϱ Ű 迡 ֵǸ ̷
뼭 'ϹٶŸ' ͼ ڼ 巯 Ǵ ̴.
'ŸŸ Ĵϻ' ָ Ű
迡 ־ ȯ, 踦 Ͽ ۵ ȯ
ϰ ȥ ȯ Ȧ ٵ ִ ϰ ִ.
߿ Ÿ öп ־ ٽ ϳ '' μ
иϰ Ÿ Ӹ ƴ϶, Ű ȥ ﰢ ļ
ŷ öü ٺ ̷ ̴.
߱ Ĵϻ ΰ 常 ؿ Ҿ ָ 'īŸ'
'ī Ĵϻ' Ÿ ִ Ʈ ̴. Ʈ
ħ̳ ɷ¿ Ͽ ˷ μ ڱⰡ ڿԸ
θ 巯ٰ ϴ ̴.
ݱ 'īŸ' 'Ÿٺ' ߱ Ĵϻ Ư¡
캸ҰŴϿ ̵麸ٵ ʰ ϱ ı Ĵϻ鵵 ִ. '',
'Ʈ', 'α' Ĵϻ ̿ ϸ 뷫 B C 200 A D 200
̿ ȴ. ⼭ 'Ʈ Ĵϻ'
ϱ Ѵ.
'Ʈ Ĵϻ' ü 'īŸ Ĵϻ' Ÿ ִ Ű ö
иϰ ߴǾ ִ. Ű Ŀ ϴ
ξ Ȯ Ǿ κ Ҿƿ Ȯ ǰ ,
ȸ üμ 䵵 ߰ߵȴ. ϰ ִ (sattva,
rajas, tamas) ̷е ߰ߵǸ, 䰡 ö ٺ Ǵ 䰡
6ܰ谡 ̹ Ǿ ִ.
̻ ı Ĵϻ Ͽ 츮 и ִ
Űö Ƹ ü 縦 ö
̴. װ Ż μ õ Ұ ұ Ʒ ̿
Ż ̷ Ȯϰ ʿ並 ٶ å
ƴϾ ȴ.
4 ٶ ö
1.
ε Ϻηκ ͼ δ ̿ ڸ ߴ
ƹٶ ֵϿ ߴ Ƹ ٹȭ
ȮǾ ߴ. ñ öȭ ²
и뿴 Ǿ ȮǾ Ȱ
߷̵ ߽ ùȭ Ǽǰ
Ǿ.
̿ Ҿ ̶ 踦 Դ
ٶ ڿ 鸮ԵǾ. Ƹ
ֹΰ ȥյ Ǿ ٶ
ȭ ȭǰ ̴. ̷ Ȳ
Ͼ ٶ ȸ Ư̳
ʴ ұ ̳ ο
̾.
̽ñ ε ġε ū ȭ .
ٳ ڻ
ֱ鿡 Ͽ Ͽ ̿ ϴ
̿ ϴ ġ ȸ ȥ Ҿ ؽ ñ⿴.
Ӹ ƴ϶ ùȭ ߴ 踦
ε δ ־
ȸ °ϸ ٸ δ λ
ǹ DZ ̴.
ұ ̳ ٵ ٷ ̷ ûε
ο 屸 Ͽ ȸ
̴.
ұ ̳ ̷ ݺϴ ô뿡 ǥ
̾. 츮 ۿ ־
ұ ̳ 鿡 ã ִ.̵
ٶ 繮̶ ο ڵ ߽
Ǿ. 繮̶ ҿ ֹ ʰ ̶̳ ÿ ϸ鼭
ɽĿ 踦 ϸ鼭 ϴ Ⱑڵ̾.
ڿ õϴ 鿡 Ͽ
° Ȱü ǰ Ǿ. ̵ ü ȸ ź
ִ ̾.
ұ ̳ ϰ ̵
ұ Ͽ 츮 Ӱ â ö
ִ. ұ ܵ Ͽ Ÿ
ÿ ħ ߳ ǰ
־ ϰ ִ. ߿ ̳ ߿ Ͽ
ϱ ϰ ټ Ұϱ Ѵ.
2. ܵ
ȸ ҽ° ϳ 繮(1) ϸ ù°,
Ǫ īĶ ,,, ൿ
ϰų ϵ ĵ ƴϸ
ʴ´ٴ Ģ ϴ ߴٰ Ѵ.
Į ڴ ΰ ΰ ¿ ƹ ̳
ΰ ´ õ
Ͽ DZ ڽ ƹ ҿ ٴ Ȥ
ߴ. ״ ڷμ ΰ ڽ ̷ Ͽ ƹ å
ʿ䰡 ٴ ̴. ״ ȸ ο ڳ ڸ ϰ
Ⱓ 迡 ſ
̸ ƹ ̰Ϳ ְų ٲ ٴ ̴. Ż̶ ־ Ⱓ
ϰ μ ̴. ״ õ
踦 ϴ ö ̳ ÿ ̷ ҵ ̿ܿ ΰ Ȳ Ͽ
ƹ ε ʱ η̱ ̴. ī
ڵ Ķ θ. س ̳ Ͽ , ̳
ϰŸ ŸDzٿ Ͻ ϵ ־. Ĵ
ִ.(2)
° ܵμ Ÿ ɻį߶ ڴ . ϸ
ΰ , , , ٶ κ ڳ ڳ ü
ĸǰ ƹ͵ ٴ ܸ ߴ. ״ ν
õ̸ Ģ ϴ () ϰ 踦 ߴ.
°, ī߳ , , , ٶ, , ſ, Һϰ
ϰ ҷ Ǿ , ü Ǵ ٰ ϴ ̸
ΰ ߴ. ϸ Į Ӹ ѷ
ƹ Ѿư ڰ Į ϰ ҵ ŭ ̷ ħ
Ͽ
Ϳ ʴ´ٴ ̴. ö ΰ ϴ
̴.
ټ° ھߺƼDzŸ ڴ Ͽ ν ȸǷ ߴ.
̶ ϴ° ״ ٰ ٰ, ͵ ƴ϶
,
͵ ƴ϶ Ѵٴ ̴. ջ缺
Ÿ 縮DzŸ ó ڿٰ Ѵ.
̻ 5 ̷е鿡 츮 Ư ؾ ü ؼ
ΰ Ĵϻ忡 ϴ ΰ ھ Ʈ̳
常 ʾҴٴ ̴. 迡 ؼ
ȸ̰ ġ Ģ ϰ Ǵ Ÿ ִٴ
̴.
߿ 츮 ϰ Ÿ δ ̷ ϸ鼭
ٸ
δ ȸdz ̻ ܸа п ʴ ߵ
ǥ ħ̾. ̷ ļ ö
üȭϿ İ ٸ ƴ ī ̴.
3. íī ö
íī ǹ̴ иġ ư íī εöл翡 а
ȸ Ǹ ǥϴ ķ ˷ , ұ ̳ ٸ
Ǿ Դ.(3) õϰ ظ
ö̶ Ͽ Ķ Ҹ.
ϴ ٴ ü ʰ ڵ
Ͽ ˷ ݵ 缺 ִٰ 쳪, ü
ö εöл簡 ϰ ִ.(4)
#1 , , , ٶ ϴ ҵ̴.
#2 ҵ տ
.
#3 ǽ̶ κ ̴. ġ ȿ κ ϴ
Ͱ .
#4 ȥ̶ ǽ ִ ʴ´.
#5 λ ̴.
#6 ع̴.
íī νķп ־ Ÿ ν ̶ Ͽ
εö ĵ κ ϴ ߷ Ÿ缺 Ѵ. ߷̶
Ͽ ˷ Ϳ ˷ õμ, ű ȮǼ ٰ Ѵ.
߷ κ ߸Ǿ Ṯذ
ϰ ִ ̴. , (Ⱑ
)
(Ȥ ״´) Ϲ ִ°̴. íī
ϸ
Ÿ缺 츮 Ÿϴٰ Ѵ. ƹ
踦 쿡 ̴. ٸ
ͳ ߸ п ִٴ ̴. ٽ ʿ
ֿ谡(5) Ǿ ϴ ε ͳ ߸ ̷ 踦 Ȯų
ٴ ̴. Ұ ΰ踦 ϴ ͵ ҿ. ֳϸ ٷ
ΰ踦 ƴ ͵ ͳ ߸̸ ߸ ü ǰ ֱ ̴.
ؼ Ÿ Ͽ 踦 ִ ͵ ƴϴ. Ÿ Ÿ
缺
ü ߸ Ͽ ˷ ̴. ̻ íī ö ߷п ȸǴ
öл翡 ˷ ͳ ߸ ΰ ȸǷа ſ ̴.
íī ִ ν Ÿ Ƶ ʴ´.
ֳϸ 켱 츮 װ ϴ° . ڸ ڿ
̸, ߷ Ÿ缺 ̹ εǾ ̴. ٸ ,
쿡 װ Ͽ Ÿϴٰ Ѵ.
̷ ؿ θ .
íī ̻ ̿ νķ 翬 ̴. Ư Ĵ
ʴ 縦 Ѵ. , ȥ ,
Ģ,
̳ ʴ´. íī ϱ⸦ ̷ ͵
ӿ ڱ ߱Ϸ ǵ ̷е̶ Ѵ.
íī ̷ ´ ϰ . λ ְ
ǥ
ü ּ ̸ ִ ִٰ Ѵ. ̻
ٸ
Ģ , غϷ Ż ̻ Ұ
̶ Ѵ. 츮 ݵ ̸, ٰ
װ η Ǿ 踦 ã ̴.
˸̸ Ͱ ٴ ̴. ΰ ߱ؾ ǥ, ,
,
ǹ, Ż íī ù° Ѵ. δ
Ű ̹Ƿ ְ ġ Ѵ.
íī ö Ե μ, ε
ִ ִ. ư ε öĵ
ظ Ϸ ִ ̴. ذῡ ־ ʹ
ϰ и߱ ̴. ķμ ʾ íī ٸ
ö ڱ Դٴ ־ ε Ư ؾ
̴. ǹ̿ εö íī
ذϰ ߴ° Ȱ ȴٰ ص ƴ ̴.
4. ̳
Ÿ ô뿡 ̳ â ٸٸ ־. ״ ε Ϻ ̼
αٿ B.C 549 ¾. ״ 30 ⰡϿ 2
Ⱓ
, Ź ڷμ 12Ⱓ Ȱ Ͽ.
㿡 Ͽ. ķδ Ϻ,
, Ȥ , Īȣ ϸ Ȱ ϴ 72
Ͽ Ʈ αٿ ƴ. ü Ÿ ſ ö
ߴٴ ū ̸ δ.
̳ 뿡 , Ϻ ־ (
ڶ ) İڷμ ״ 24 شѴ. ̵ Ϻ
ֵȴ. 23 ĸٴ 뷫 8
濡
־ ι ֵǸ, ״ 4 ƴٰ Ѵ.
,
, , ߴٰ Ѵ. Ϻ ű ϴ 5° Ģ
̶ ̳ ٺ ϰ ̴.
Ϻ װ ̹ Ͽ, ϸ װ
п ŵϿ. ߿ Ư Ŀ п ϴ.
± 4 îŸ Ϸμ, 濡 6
ٵĴ Ϻ ° κ ĭ dz ٰ Ѵ.
Ŀ
ƿ 濡 Ͼ ִ ٵ θӸ ·
Ӹ ƴ϶ ȰԹ ־ Ÿ ٰ Ѵ. , ʵ
ġ
Ȱ ߴٴ ̴. ̷κ ǵ ġ ʴ Ŀ Դ
ķ пǰ Ǿٰ Ѵ.(6) ư ij ٵ
δ
ٸٸκ ϵǰ Ǿٰ Ѵ.
ٵİ ٵ ŻǪƮ ū
12ι ϰ ĵ鿡 Ͽ Ƶ鿩ٰ Ѵ. Ĵ
Ǿٰ Ͽ ΰ ü ϰ Ǿ. Ĵ
5~6 ߶ ٽ Ͽ ϰ ȭϿ.
̳ ݸ Ϻ 1000
Ŀ ǾǷ Ϻ ħ Ѵٰ ƴ. ļ
üȭ ̳ ϸ 뷫 ̳ ħ
ִ.(7)
Ÿ Ϻ ִ ɻ 뽺 ȸ κ ع
Ǵ
̾. Ϻ ȸ 迡 ΰ Ȳ Ÿʹ ߴ.
,
״ 迡 Ƶ ϰ ִ ü ũ
Ѱ ũ⸦ Ѵٰ Ѵ. ̳ ϸ ̳
͵鵵 ִ μ ȿ Ƹ ϰ ִٰ Ѵ. ƴ 츮
ۿ ü̸ ൿ ü̱ ϴ. ƴ δ , ,
,
, , ü, , ǽ Ͽ ̷ ǰ
ְ
ΰ ̸ Ÿٰ Ѵ. Ϻ ƿ ٴ ̼
, ư ǰ ϰ ȴٰ Ѵ.
ΰ ٸ Ǹ, ٸ ȯϿ ٽ ¾
ȴٰ Ѵ. Ͽ
Ǹ, ٸ δ ο Ʒ Եǰ ȴ. ̷ Ե
Ѽ װ ӹ Ź , , , , ̶ μ ̵
ī( ) Ѵ. ٽ ϸ, ư ڱ
Ǹ · ƿ 鷯ٰ ȴٴ ̴. ƴ
̼ Ҿ ȸ Ѵ. ̿ ·κ
Ż Ͽ Ѱ? ư κ ο߸ Ѵ.
켱 ̻ ο ؾ Ѵ. δ
Ȱ Ͽ ٿ Ѵ. ̹ ִ
Ҹؾ Ѵ. ̰ Ͽ ߿ ̴. ǽ ϴ
Ͽ
̹ ִ ڿ Ҹ꺸ٵ ҸǾ ٰ ϱ ̴.
κ ȭǸ ٽô ȯϴ , ̳ ְ
õϿ ű⼭ ϰ ູ Ѵ. ̰ Ż
̴.
5. úұ
úұ ö ִ ڷμ Ϻϰ Ͽ ȸ
º , , ̴. ߿ Ÿ ϴ
߿ ̴.(8) Ÿ ܰ踦 ü ó ¸
B. C. 1 ̶ . ġ ó ڽ
ߴٰ ļ , ö ȥԵǾ ϰ
̴. ݿ ͼ Ÿ ڽ ħ Ȯϰ ٴ Ұ
ٰ
ص ƴϴ. Ͽ ǥ ŵǾ
ǰ ִ 츮 ü Ÿ ڽſ ϴ.
缺ü, , , , ü μ, 츮 ̵ ߽
Ͽ úұ 뷫 ľ ̴.
Ÿ Ͽ ִ Ű ձ ڷμ ¾ٰ Ѵ.
Ϲ ġ Ű߿ձ α 뱹 ڻ Ͽ й
ٰ
ᱹ յǾ ۿ ־. Ÿ Ÿ ̸
˴Ÿ. Ÿ Ŀ Īȣ̴. Ͽ ״ Ÿ
Ÿ Ȥ , Ű ڶ Ҹ.
״ 29 繮ó ⰡϿ ɽĿ ϸ鼭 ߴ. ״
ַ ٱ 6Ⱓ̳ ϸ鼭 ڵ
õ ߴ. ״ ߶ ִ ؿ
ϴٰ Ÿ, ڰ Ǿٰ Ѵ. ̰ 35 ̾
.
̷ ״ ߴ ټ鿡 ϱ Ͽ
ִ
߿ μ ֿ Ͽ Ѵٴ ߵ 缺ü
ƴ. ̰ ̴.
Ÿ 45 ļ ȭȰ ̸ ڸ . ״
κ ٱ ڻ , ٽƼ, ڱ, ̼
õ
Ȱ Ҵ. ״ ó 80 ϱ ƴ.
κ ڼ Ͽ ְ ִ ݿݰ濡 ϸ ״ ڱⰡ װ
ģ
, ڴ ڱ θ Ǹߴ. ״
ϰ Ǿ Ƿ ϶ ٰ Ѵ.
Ÿ ʷ ߿ ߴٰ ϴ 缺 ù° λ 뿡
. , , , 簡 ̸, Ⱦϴ ڿ ϴ ڿ
̸, ϴ Ե ̴. Ÿ ư ΰ縦 ϰ ִ
, ,
, ̶ , ټ ü ̶ Ѵ. Ÿ ϸ
ΰ̶ ̶ ҵ, 6 ˿
, ̶ ؼ , ̶ Ű
ҵ, ̶ 鿡 Ͽ ־ ǽĵ ѵ
ʴ´ٴ ̴. õ ״ ӹ
ϴ ̱ ̸, Ͽ ͵ ʴ
ƶ
θ ٰ Ѵ.
Ĵϻ öп ϴ Ʈ̶ θ ھ Һϰ
Ǵ ̾. Ÿ ̷ ˰ ־ ó ̳, ΰ Ĵϻ
öε ٺ ٸ ̾. , ͵ Ǵ
ΰԴ ȭ̿ܿ , Ȥ ϴ Һ ھư
ִٰ ٴ ̴. ΰ̶ ϰ մ üμ
̶ ̴. ΰ Ӹ ƴ϶ 迡 ϴ 繰
̶ θ ̻ ȯ ҵ μ,
ϰ , ͵ ֺҺ ƴ϶ ̴. ٽ ϸ
ۿϰ ̸ ΰ ̷
μ
Ŀ Һϴ ü ٴ ϳ Ÿ
ģ
̴. , , ̴.
Ÿ ι° ̷ Ͼ Ǵ ִٴ ü̴.
¾ ʷϴ ̶ֿ ֱ ִٴ ̴. ̰ Ÿ ߰
ſ ߿ μ ⺻ ϰ ִ. ù°, μ ΰ
翡
ִٴ ̴. ̶ ƹ ε 쿬 ƴ϶ ̴. Ÿ
ηڰ ƴϾ. °, ̹Ƿ ̸
̴. ŵǸ ŵDZ ̴. μ ΰ
ƴ϶ ̴. Ÿ ź ̴.
̿
쿬а źϴ Ÿ ⼳ Ÿ ִ. ⼳
Ϲ A B ְ, A B A B A
ϸ B Ѵٴ ̴. Ÿ μ ΰ ϴ
̴. ̰ װ õ ⼳ ̴. 缺ü Ÿ
ܼ ̶ֿ ٸ 12 ҵ
翡 ϴ ΰ縦 ڼ ϰ ִ.
-> -> -> -> -> -> -> -> -> -> ->
⼳ ＼(, , ̷) ģ ΰ ϴ
ؼǾ Դ. ¾ ż, κ ,
Ųٰ ϴ ̴. Ÿ ̷ ⼳
ΰ Ű ִ ̵ 쿬 ϰ
ƴ϶, 츮 ľ ִ ʿ Ģ Ģ ȣ
ӿ Ѵٴ ̴. ̷ ǻϰ ֱ ͵ ڼ
ϰ , , Ͻ ̶ ̴. ̷
ǻϿ ϰ ֱ ͵ ñ .
Ÿ
⼳ Ĵϻ öó ΰ ñ Ͽ Ǵ 縦
ʴ ̴. ȣۿ뿡 길 ϴ ̴. ݵ
κ ȸ ʿ , ۵ǵ
Ǯ Ǵ ̴. ü ̱ ̴.
ȯ װ ٺ ̱ ̸ װ
ؾ߸ ٸ ͵鵵 ŵ ֱ ̴.
⼳ ־ Ѱ 츮 ؾ Ÿ ̷
Ͽ Һ ھư ؼ ϰ ִ
ƴ϶ ̴. ٸ ϴ μ ΰ
̴. ſ , 翡 ̷ ٽ ¾ ־
踦 ͵ ƴϸ ٸ ͵ ƴ϶ Ѵ. (̶)
¿ ٸ Űܰ Ű Ұ ʰ ٸ ʴ ̴.
ٰ ϸ Ƽ ݵǴ ַп , ٸٰ ϸ ΰ Ӽ
ϱ
ΰ å ϴ ܸп ȴٰ Ͽ Ÿ ظ
ôϰ ڱ ߵ ̴. Ĵϻ ΰ̳
ΰ, Ǵ ̳ 쿬 ôϰ
Ÿ
п ΰ ̴. Ÿ ߽Ͽ ϱ⸦
⸦ ڴ , ڴ ⸦ ٰ ̴.
⼳ Ļ ־ ΰ
Ӽ ִ ̶ ̴. ̶ ͵
Ǹ ϰ ִ ϳ 帧 ̸ Һ ȥ̳ ھƴ ƴ
̴. 帧̶ Ͽ ڱ⵿ϼ ǵǴ ƴϸ, ϴ
Ӽ ϼ ϴ ̴. ־ Ȥ
Ѿ Ѵ.
缺 ° ° ִٴ ̴. ϴٴ
.
ļ ϸ ݿ ״ ä
ϴ ݰ ü Ŀ ־ ִ.
شϴ μ, 缺 ƶ üϴ ູ ȭ ǹϴ ̴.
ƶ Ŀ Ǵ°̴. ΰԴ Ҹ ھư µ ƶ
· ϴ ΰ? ü ݿ ° ϴ ̴.
Ͽ ̹ Ÿ ú Ȥ ־ 츮 Ͽ
ִ. Ÿ ϱ⸦ ź 14 ϳ.(9)
Ÿ Ͽ ϱ⸦ ȴ° ϴ Ϳ ؼ̴. Ÿ
ؼ
ظ ̰ ִ. Ÿ ̷ 纯 μ, ڱ
˾Ƽ Ϸ ʿ䰡 ٰ ϴ
ϸ, ܻ ̰߿ ʱ ؼ ʾҴٰ .
ϸ
ٸ Ż , ̶ ΰ δ
ǥ ȸѴٰ ϴ Ͻϱ Ѵ.
Ѵ Ȥ ʴ´ٶ ִ 谡 ƴ϶ ̴. ݿ
ƶ̶ ġ ᰡ Ͽ Ұ Ƽ ϱⰡ ƴٴ ̴.
ھư ־ ݿ ƴ϶ ̶
ƶѿ ־ ̴. ° Ÿ ݿ ̸
.
, , , , , , , ̴. 8
зϿ
(, , ), (, , ), (, ) ִ.
ұ
ñ ۾Ƴ ̸, ó ħ κ
ģ ̴. ߿ ߿
ݴ ̴. ֳϸ ٵ ŵǾ ȯ ΰ
ٺ ȭ Ͼ ̴.
(2) A. L. Basham, History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas: a vanished Indian Religion
(London, 1951) .
(3) ϼ ϸ íī ö ģ ö ̸̶ ϰ,
ؿ ϸ ڵ (, ƽð, Դ´ٶ 翡 ) ö
ġǷ 鿡 ־ ̸̶ Ѵ. ۿ ٸ ص鵵 .
(4) ұ ̳ ϰ öп Ͽ ֿڷ
ִ: 8 ̳ Haribhadra Suri ö : 14
Ÿ
ö ٹ öа : 7 ö ߶ Ÿ 糭 .
(5) ߿ ľö Ұ .
(6) ϸ п A. D. 1⸻濡 μ ȭ ֵ
.
̴ ǻ . µ鵵 ߿ տ
Ծ.
(7) ü Frouwallner . Geschichte der indischen
Philosophie,
Vol. 1
(8) ȸ ټ ִ. , ѿ , Ͼ
,
߾, .
(9) 14 : ()ΰ ΰ, ̱ ϰ ̱ Ѱ,
ƴѰ, ()ΰ ΰ, ̱ ϰ ̱ Ѱ,
ƴѰ, Ŀ ϴ°, ʴ°, ʴ
ΰ, ξƴ ü , ΰ ̾.
5 ҽºĺұö
1. ĺұ
Ÿ 鿡 Ͽ ϰ ִ ҽ° "ݿݰ"
, Ÿ յΰ Ƴٿ ߴٰ Ѵ.
Ƴٿ, ' ħ . 츮Դ
̻ Ŵ' Ҵ . , Ƴٿ,
ؼ ȵȴ. 鿡 ְ Ŀ
ƶ.(1)
Ÿ Ͽ ڵ
ٸ ؼ µ ܳ ̴. Ÿ ÿ ħ
Ͽ DZɰ Ͼ ΰݰ ī
Ͽ ϰ ȭ ־. װ ұ
ڵ
ʾҴ. ұ 忡 Ÿ
ħ Ͽ ٸ ϰ Ǿ, ڿ п Ұϰ
Ǿ ̴. ڵ ذϷ ȸǸ
ᱹ пǰ ̴.
ó ܺп Ÿ ħ Ű
ǥϴ ε ߽ ºο, ´
־ ༺ ϴ ߺο п̾. п ñ
Ϸ ұ뿡 ϸ Ҹ 100 Ŀ 'ʻ' ѷ
ؼ Ͽ ̼ 2 ٰ ϸ,(2) Ϲұ
뿡 Ƽī ġ ϵٶ '' ,
ƶ ϽŰ ټ â Ͽ
пǾٰ Ѵ.(3) ư Ҹ 100 Ƽī ̿ ұܳ
п 븳 ־ иϸ ̰ ϰ Ͽ Ģ
ȭ ˱ϱ ̸ ̴.
̷ п Ƹ ұ Ծ ұ Կ
еǾ ޱ ߺο º ٺ̺θ ߽ Ͽ 18
Ȥ 20 İ Ļϰ ̴.(4) Ϸ ''
18 ĸ ϰ ִ.
ǥ [ߺο 찡, ϼ, ٻΰ ְ ٽ 찡ο ٹΰ
ִ. ºο ȭο ںΰ ְ ٽ ȭο ü,
, , ο ΰ ְ ںο , ,
и ΰ ִ.
ü ϰ ִ '̺'
20 п ϰ ִ.
ߺο ϼ, ⼼, , ٹ, , ٻ, ֺ,
ϻֺΰ ְ, ºδ ũ üο (º)
üδ ٽ ں, ȭ, 淮η
Ǿ ִ. ںδ , , иֺη Ǿ ִ.]
̵ ĵ ̸ ִ ͵ ־
εöл翡 ̷ м ˷ Ұ
̴. Ư ߺ ϵǾ º μ
Ǿ ְų Ȥ ִ ĵ
ַ Ϸ º, ü, 淮, ں ̴.
̵ ĵ κ ڱ Ͽ , ,
߰ ־ٰ , Ϻϰ
ִ ȸ Ϸ ºΰ
ѿǾ ǰ ִ ü ̴.
Ÿ ̰ Ÿ ·Ȱ
Թ μ, DZ ߴ.
̺ٵ ξ Ŀ ͼ ãƺ ִ μ, Ÿ
ħ ϱ ϰ ϱ Ͽ , ó, , ĥ
Ǿ ̴. ̷ ҷ
װ Ͽ ϴ ־ 츮 ִ.(5)
̷ İ 븳 ϰ ʿ ε巯
Ĵ ڱ ö 忡 ϰ
̴. Ͽ Ϸ ߽ ºο '', 'к', '',
'νü', '', '', '' 7 忡 Ǿ. Ϸ
뿡 Ƽī ģ ڱ 忡 Dz
» Ͽ · Ÿ
Ѵ. ̿ Dzٴ Ÿ к̶ Ͽ ´ܳ
̴ ϰ ȸǸ ű⼭ '' ߴٰ Ѵ.(6)
º ö Ͽ .
2. º ö
ºδ ö к̶ θ. ⼭ 'к'̶
ϴ Ÿ 繰 Կ м ٴ ̴. 츮
̹ Ÿ ΰ縦 յ ̶ м
ߴ. ºδ Ÿ ̷ м ϰ ٰ
Ѵ. Ͽ ºδ 踦 ̶ Ҹ ҵ
. ҵ Ͽ Ͽٰ
ۿ ϸ . ۿ ϰ ִ ͵鸸 ϸ
̶ ۿ Ÿ ״ ϰ
ִ. μ μ Ÿ
Ͱ ̴.
ºδ ΰ縦 ϱ ʿ ߽
Ͽ , ȣ ϴ
мѴ. ù° 츮 ü ϴ μ 28 .
° 츮 μ ǽ Ǵ ɼҹ 52 ,
° ƹ ǽ ۿ ü, Ȥ
ϳ Ѵ. ( ) ־ ٸ
Բ Ѵ. 鿡 ϸ ̾ ǽĵ 帧
̴. Ŀ شϿ ǰ , ,
ϴ ̴. ̵ ߿
ϴ 52 ҵ̴. ֳϸ ̵
츮 , Ż ֱ ̴.
ºδ 52 ɼҹ Ż ִ 25 , ϴ 14
Ҽ, 13 3ַ зѴ. ºδ ̻
81 ܿ ̶ Ͽ ļ 82
μ(7) ΰ ΰ ü輼踦 м ľϴ ̴.
3. ü ö
ºδ Ÿ Ѵٰ ں, ºδ
ε 信 Ϸе
־. ε信 ҽºұ ǥϴٽ ϰ ū
Ĵ üο. üΰ ºηκ
ĻǾ иġ '' ۼ , Ƽī
̹ ϳ ķμ ֵȴ. ü(
'' θ) Ư εϺ ٶ ī̸ 濡 ڸ
, ± 1-2 濡 ε Ϻο ߾Ӿƽþƿ
ļ ϴ Ǽ īϽī ũ
ƴ.
ε º 7п ߵǴ ϰ
ߴ. ѿθ
̸ ߿ ''̴.(8) ±
1 ι Ǵ īíǪƮ Ͽ μ
, , , , , , , 8 ұ ٷ ü
̴.
'' 2 ʹݿ 'Ļ'̶ 200 ֿ
Ǿ. ּ īϽī ڶ ڿ Ͽ
ī̸ 濡 ȸǸ ű⼭ ϰ ̶
Ѵ. '' ּ Ӹ ƴ϶ ұ
̳ ³ ܵ öб Ͽ ٷ鼭 뼺
ȮϷ ϴ ϳ ̾. 'Ļ' ķ
ε ҽºұ ǥϴ ˷ Ǿ, ڵ
'Ļ' Ҹ. 'Ļ' ( )
Ÿ ʹ ϱ Ŀ ߸
伭 ϰ Ǿ. 3 ʿ 'ƺɷ'
å̴. ̷ 伭 ģ
'ƺ'̴. å ״ ҽºұ ö ǥϴ
μ, εӸ ƴ϶ ߱, ѱ, Ϻ ҽ±
Թ Ǿ Դ. ģ ü 4, 5 ι
ֵȴ. ״ ٶ濡 ¾ ī̸濡 'Ļ'
̾Ƽ 600 ű ڽ ּ Ͽ
'' ߴٰ Ѵ. ״ ü ö 鼭
ȸ ʾ δ 淮ε Ÿö
ϱ Ѵ. ߿ ״ ºұ Ͽ
. '' ϰ 캽ν ö
ϱ Ѵ.
'' , , , , , , , , ľ ǰ
Ǿ ִ. ߿ ö ߿ ü ۿ
ǰ ǰ̸ ľǰ ܵ öб Ͽ ư
ϰ ִ. 3ǰ ߽ Ͽ '' ٺ ö
'ΰ' ö̶ ִ.
ΰ̶ ΰ Һ ھư ,
ҵ ȥü Ұ ̴. ̰ ΰ , ,
, , ̶ ȭ Ÿ ΰ ״
̴. ٸ 'ȸ' 75 ΰӸ ƴ϶
ϴ ͵ ľϰ ϴ ̴. 츮 ̹ ºο 82
ΰ縦 ϴ ҰŴϿ '' 75 ̿
̴. öڵ ⺻ ҷ
ö üϰ Ǿ. Ͽ ΰ
ϰ ̴. ( )ϳ ϰ ִ ҵ
ױ Ѵٴ ̷̴. δ '＼ ü'
ǥϸ ̰ ö ٺ ִ. Ÿ ۿ
̳ ü , , ̷ ＼ Ͽ üμ
Ѵٴ ̴. ΰ Ͽ ̷ ظ ϰ ֿ
ٵ 츮 () ȿ° ۿ ϱ
̾. ſ ʰ
ٸ ͻ̶ 糪 ̷ ־ Ÿ ٰŰ
̸ ̰ Ģ ϴ ̳ ̴.
δ μ ＼ ϴ ̴.
ο 츮 ü ۿ ϱ Ͽ
ǥ Ȥ ǥ̶ Ư Ѵ. ǥ̶ 11
ϳμ ܺο Ÿ 츮 ü ģ Ŀ
鼭 ʷϵ ϴ
ʴ ̼ Ѵ. ΰ ִ̾
̴.
'' 75 3 еDZ ϰ
зϱ Ѵ. 11, ɹ 1, ɼҹ 46, ɺһ
14, 3 ̴. ̰ 3 ϰ
¿ Ͽ з ִ. ټ
ö Ư¡ Ÿִ °
, 14 ɺһ̴. ɺһ̶ ǽ 帧
ָ鼭 ɼҹó ǽ ʴ ҵ ǹѴ.
ɿ ʴ ̶ ̴. ⼭ ̶ ,
ǰϿ ϴ ǹ Ѵ. ̷ ɺһμ
Ѵ. ̷ ɺһμ δ .
- Ͽ ų Ұ ϴ
.
- Ͽ ڱ ϴ Ư ϰ
ϴ .
- μ ϴ .
, , - кۿ Ż¸ ̷
ϴ .
- Ư¡ , , , .
, , - Ҹ 忡 ǹ̸ ο ִ .
̻ 14 ɺһ ߿ 츮 ϰ
· ö ٿ İ ſ μ
ö ·ö ̹
Ǿ ִ. ο ϴ 3 ̶ , Ͽ
ø깫, ο ø깫μ ̵ , ,
,
̰ ̶ Ѵ.
ݱ 츮 , , Ǿǰ ߽Ͽ ö 캸Ҵ.
κе ǰ ǰ ǰ ΰ
Ͽ ǰ, ǰ, ǰ ΰ ϴ ̴.
̷ ſ ̸ ¥ӻ ִ μ öлӸ ƴ϶ ұϹݿ
ħ̱ ϴ. ģ , , , Ͽ п
ּ .
4. 淮ο ں
ö ü Ͽ ϳ
ü
ϴ ٿ̰ ̴. ̰ ƿ
ϴ úұ öа Ÿ ִ μ, ϴ
ʴ ã ΰ ϳ ǥ̶ ִ.
̷ ݹϿ ǰϰ ִ ϰ
Ÿ 游 ϰ İ 淮ο. 淮δ 2
Ÿ Ͽ ηκ и Դ.
̳ ٸ ؼ ִ.
淮δ ü ϴ Ƶ ʴ´. ̶
ϴ ̸ 翡 ̴. ̱ ڸ
.
淮δ , , , Ѵ.
ؼ 淮δ ٺ ＼ü ٷ ϰ
ü̹ü Ѵ. з ־ ʹ
ϳ ϸ ʴ´. ̶ ü
·μ οó ü ƴϴ. ݻӸ ƴ϶ ü
淮ο ü ƴ϶ ̸ ʴ
ͻ̴. ̿ 淮δ Ƿ Ÿ ħ ٽ
Ȯϸ鼭 ö źϰ ö ̴.
淮δ 縦 ȸǸ ҷ
.
ϴ ̶ 츮 繰 ϴ 츮 ̹
ǽ ӿ ϰ ֱ ̴. 츮 ܰ 踦 ״
ٰ ϴ ҹ ̴. ᱹ 츮 ̴. 츮
ϴ ü ٴ λ ̴. 츮
λκ ߸ Ͽ 踦 ̴. ̿ ܰ
νİɼ ȸǴ ߿ ܰ 缺 ϴ ö ϰ
̴.
öп ݹߴ 淮ε Ƽ
ȭų ϴ ͼ ڽ Ű ư Ǿ. ΰ
簡
ϴ 帧 ʴ´ٸ, 츮 üμ
̿ ϼ ְڴ°? ü ſ
ϴٰ μ Ÿ Ǵ ϱ? 淮δ ̷ 鿡
μ
켱 ΰ عٴڿ 帧 ϰ ִ ü ߴ.
Ϲ̿ Ȥ ٺ̶ θ, Ϲ̿ μ ؼ ۿ ϰ
ִ ̼ ǽμ ȸ ü Ǵ Ѵ. 츮
μ ڵ ȿ ϰ ִ. ڵ 츮 ƽ
츮 ȿ Ǵ μ, ڵ ߿ Ǿ μ
ΰ ȴٴ ̴. ̿ ڼν 淮δ ϸ ο ϴ ǥ
̷п ϰ ̴. 淮ο ϸ ڵ ẹⰣ Һϰ ϴ
ƴ϶ ϸ ִٰ μ Ÿٰ Ѵ. 淮 ̷ ߿
ºұ öп Ǵ ̴.
ؼ ں(9) ϳ Ư ̷ . ΰԴ °
ٸ, ʴ, ̿μ Ǫ尥
־, ̰ μ ȸ ϰų ݿ ̶ Ѵ.
δ
Ǫ尥 ° 踦 Ұ ٰ Ѵ. ġ Ḧ
ٰ ؼ ü ƴ Ͱ ٴ ̴. Ǫ尥
̿ װ ̸ ̰ ߿
̸, Ǫ尥 ° ϴٰ ̰ ܰ߿
Ѵٰ Ѵ. Ǫ尥 ° ƴϿ ° ٸ ƴ
Ư Ѵ. ̷ ϴ μ ΰ ڱ⵿ϼ
Ȯ ÿ οó ΰ ϱ ʰ
߰ ھ ·μ ľϷ ̴.
̻ 淮ο ں ̷е úұ ٺ
鼭, װ ִ ö , Ư ȸ
õμ, ºұ ƶ߽ ̾ Ǵ ̴.
ݱ 츮 º, , 淮, ں м ν ±
3 4 ̸ ȿ º ĵ ö 캸Ҵ.
(9) ںζ ̸ Ȯ ʴ. Ǫ尥 ̷
ϱ
pukgalavada θ. 丶 Լ, 39, 92~126 .
5. ߺ ұ
, Ǹ ǥϸ鼭 ºο 븳Ͽ ü Ļ
Ų
ߺδ ұߴ ־ ο ̷е ״. ̵ Ŀ ºұ
μ δ. 켱 ߺδ ο Ÿ ߴ.
Ÿ
Ը ð Կ ΰμ Ͽ
,
ŵ Ͽ ̻ȭϿ Ӹ ƴ϶
ž α ̰ Ǿ. Ͽ Ÿ ܸ ־ ε
̻ ϴ ΰ ߾ ϴ 32, 80븦 ߾ ʷ,
繫ܿ ź ٰ Ѵ. Ÿμ
ª Ⱓ ุμ ٴ ٰϿ Ÿ
Ǹ Ʋٰ ϰ ƴ. ̿ ̾߱
Ǿ. Ӹ ƴ϶ Ÿ ڵ ߸
ǰ 赵 ϰ Ǿ ŵ ž̶ ȿ ġϰ
ž
ð 鼭 ϸ ȭμ ž ǥϱ ߴ. ̷
Ÿ
ְ Ž ߺο ε巯, Ÿ ʼ Űȭ
ؼ ̴. ߺο Ҽ ⼼̸
, ̰, ° , ״
ϵ ʿ ȴٰ Ѵ. ߺδ Ÿ
⸦
ϴ 쿡 Ͽ ϱ⸦ ̷Ӱ Ϸ ϱ
(̳ ƱͿ ) ¾⸦ ϸ ִ
Ѵ.
ߺδ ٸ δ ɼ ϳ Ͽ
̶ Ͽ Ͻϰ ִ.(10)
Ѵٰ Ͽ 淮ο ü Ƶ ʴ´. ߺδ
9 ߴ. ø, ø, , ó, Ĺó, ó,
ó,
, ̴. ̰ 3 ̿ܿ ܰ, ,
糪 ̴.
(10) ̻ ߺ , ż 49, 15ʿ ٰ.
6. ٶ
1. ٶ ұ
ұ ̳ ٶ 뿡 Ŀٶ Ÿ
ߴ. ٶ ߽ ǽİ ̿ ٶ
,
ȸ ־ ̴. ұ ̳ ո μ
, ȸε ʼ̰
Ͽ
ٶ Ư ʰ Ǿ. ̷ ̹ ٶ ο
Ĵϻ ϱ ̾. ٶ 뿡 ū
ٵ ұ.
ұ Ư 츮߿ Ƽī Ǹ Ʒ ũ â
ε μ ϰ Ӹ ƴ϶ ֺ 鿡 ĵǰ Ǿ.
Ƽī 츮߿ Ǽ îŸ ڷμ B.C. 269濡
Ҵ.
îŸ ˷ ε Ϻħ ε ġ ȥ ƴŸ
뱹̾ ٿ ϰ ŻǪƮ Ͽ 츮߿
ߴ(B.C. 320). îŸ ̸ Ǹ ڷ īƿ
ε ʷ ϱ ϴ ̷ ̴.
Ƽī ġ Ͽ װ ֿ ӷɵ Ͽ
ִ. Ģɿ ״ Ȱ Ͽ Ȯ
ε ߵ ī Ŀ ݰ
ϰ Ǿٰ Ѵ. ״ ̷κ Ȯå ϰ
¸ ߱ϴ å Ҵٰ Ѵ. ״ ̿
å Ͽ κ ¸ ŵξٰ ϰ ִ. ־
״
Ǯ ڸ Ͽ 氡 dz ɰ ްԼҸ 칰 Ĵ ,
ġ ȸ . ״ Ư İ 縦
ʸ ߴٰ Ѵ. ״ ̷ ġ Ͽ
濡 İϿ ϰԱ Ͽ.
Ƽī ܵ鿡 Ǯ ڽ , , ﺸ
ұڿ. װ Ϸ ̶ Ÿ ö Ѵٱ⺸
ַ , ư װ ٶ ȸμ ٸ ƴ
ұ ǹߴٴ ū Ǹ
.
츮߿ Ƽī ϰ Ǿ ε ٽ ġ ȥ
. B.C. 183濡 ٶ 屺 ǪƮ Ÿ
츮߿ ϰ ߴ. ״ ٶ źڷμ
縦 ȰŰ ұ źߴ.
̻ ȲϿ ٶ ڵ ϸ ұ
Ͽ ȸ Ȯ ʿ信 ̴. 츮
ñ ٶ ü ο ذ ִ. ù°
ұ ؼ ü踦 Ű ̴. ̰ 䰡
ü ư. °, ٶ Ƹ ε ֹε鿡
ڰ ִ žӰ Ͽ ž , °δ ұ
ѽؿ 簡ڵ ȰԹμ ȸü Ȯ . ̷
µ Ͽ ٶ μ Ȯϸ鼭 ұ
óϿ ̴. ٶ ̷ ο ݿ ְ ִ
200濡 ϼǾٰ ߳ ϹٶŸ õ̴. Ư
ϹٶŸ Ƿ ε ȭ ȭ Ҹ پϰ dz
ϸ
, ö, , ġ, , ȭ, ̴.
ϹٶŸ ߽ Ͽ ٶ ο Ͽ .
2. ٽŰ ž
ϹٶŸ ٽô Ƹ ϳ ٶŸ μ,
α ũƮ 濡 ѷ ̾߱⸦
߽ɼ ϰ ִ. 1000 (B.C. 800~200 A.D.) ΰ ڶ
ٶ տ Ͽ ȥԵǾ, 翡
10 ÷μ 18 ִ. ϹٶŸ
κ ٶ ״ ϰ , ٸ δ ٿ ã
鵵 ߰ߵȴ. ߿ Ư ߿ α ž
ٽŰ ̴.
ٽ ϶ij ٷ ߱ δ ȭ
õǾ, Ƹ ε ֹε鿡 ִ ,
Ƹ 뿡 ߰ Ǿ. ŸŸ Ĵϻ
ı Ĵϻ忡 ͼ ٴ Ͻõǰ ٸƴ ü
μ
ֵǰ ȴ. ̰ ȿ ٽſ ž θ Ǿ ϴ
.
ϹٶŸ ͼ ״ ָ â Ӹ ƴ϶
ȭ 뵵 dzϰ Ǿ, ī϶ ӿ Ͽ
Ǹ ư Ӹ ʻ ɷ ְ ̷κ
귯´ٰ Ѵ. ڵó ְ
ְ ִ. 翡 â װ Ÿ ٴϴ Ȳ
Ƹٿ Ƴ ĸƼ Ȥ 츶 Բ ӿ ϰ ִ. ̿ ÿ
â μ ¡ Ͽ DZ Ѵ. ټ ̹
϶Ĺȭ ãƺ ִ.
ϹٶŸ ٽźٵ ū ž ϰ ִ
̴. ٿ 帶 ̹ ߿ ,
װ
ž ۿ ǰ ִ ټٳ ũ
, Ȥ ٶ 뿡 ϳ ߳ Ͻõ ķκ̴.
ư ϹٶŸ , ߳, ϸ, ټ, ũ
Ͻõǰ , ٰƮ, , ֶ Īȣμ Ҹ ־
žӰ θ Ǿ ϰ ִ. ٿ
, ȭ ϸ ״ ° õ
ִ κ ڶ. κ â
¾ 踦 âѴ. 谡 â ῧ ֻõ Ÿ
踦 ٽٰ Ѵ. ״ ַ ο ΰ Ǹ ū
ٸ Ÿ ٴѴ. Ƴ Ȥ μ θ
Ǿ.
ϹٶŸ ž ѷϰ ݿϰ ִ ٰٵ
Ÿ̴. Ÿ α ̶̺ Ҹ ߿ ö μ,
Ӹ ƴ϶ ֵǰ մ ̴. 캸
.
3. ٰٵ Ÿ
ٰٵ Ÿ ټٶ ΰݽ ϴ ε ٰŸĿ
μ, ߿ ϹٶŸ Ϻκ ȴ.
ٰٵ Ȥ ڶ ̸, Ÿ 뷡
Ȥ ħ̶ ̴. ٰŸĵ ϴ 濡 ũ ־
,
ŰȭǾ Ͻõǰ Ǿ, ٰٵž ٶ
ȭ ߽ ε ο , ᱹ ټ-ũ Ű Ͻõ
Ǿ. Ͽ ٰٵ Ÿ ְ Ǵ ũ ȭα
ֵǰ ̴.
ϹٶŸ ٶŸ߿ ̰ Ǵٹ ī
ο ̴̾߱. ٰٵ Ÿ 6ǿ ԵǾ ,
. Ǵٹ 5 °̸ ũ ģ Ƹ곪 ̵
ī 忡 Ͽ ̷ Ѵ. ״ ⸦ Ұ
.
ϰڴٰ , Ƹ곪 ̷μ
ũ μ ǹ ο ؾ߸ Ѵٴ Ų. ̰
ٰٵ Ÿ Ļ ̾߱ Ǿ ִ. ٰٵ Ÿ 뿡 ־
ü öг⺸ٴ Ż õ
ǰ̴. ٽ ϸ ٰٵ Ÿ ü Ѵٸ 䰡
̶ ִ.
ٰٵ Ÿ 3 䰡 ϰ ִ. 䰡, 䰡, ž
̴.
ΰ , , 3鿡 ϴ ̶ ִ. 䰡
ǹϴ μ, Ÿ Űöп ־ó μ ھƿ
, ھƿ и ϴ ǹϸ, Ȥ Ĵϻ Ͽ
ƴ ǹϱ Ѵ. ž 䰡 ſ, Ư ſ
ϰ ſ Ͽ ȸ κ ް ȴٴ
̴. ž ̹ ŸŸ Ĵϻ忡 Ÿ ٰٵ
Ÿ ͼ
μ ڼ ̰ Ǿ, žӿ ŷ öл
ġ Ǿ.
䰡 Ÿ ־ Ưϰ â μ, ٶ ȸ
Ż 踦 ؼ ִ ǰ ִ. ٶ ȸ
ϸ
̶ ڱⰡ ް ̰ ϴ ùٸ
dharma Ͽ߸ ϸ ؾ߸ ȸ Ǵ ̴.
ƹ ùٸ 츮 ڿ
̸ ȸ 迡 ӹڵ ۿ ̴. ̷
ؼ Ĵϻ Ŀ ϸ ȸ 踦
Ҿ ź ĸ ߱ϴ ̻
ϰ ̴. Ư ұ Ͽ ̷
Ȯʿ ȸ ٶ
ڵ鿡Դ ȸ ϰ Ǿ, ٶ ü
ȸ ϴ ֵǰ ̴. "ٰٵ
Ÿ"
䰡 ȸ ؼϴ ü Ż ̻ ġǴ
ƴ϶ Ѵ. "Ÿ" ϸ 츮 ӹ
ü ƴ϶ ϴ ̶ Ѵ.
ƹ ϴ ʷ ʴ´ٰ
ϸ鼭 µ Ѵ. "Ÿ" ϱ⸦
ڿ õ , ϴ
ϴİ ƴ϶, ڼ ϴİ ̶ ̴.
ٿ ü " ʴ ü" ƴ϶, "
ü" ϰ ִ. Ͽ Ż
ī 䰡 Ͽ Ǵ ̴.
ϸ鼭 ü ִ°? Ͽ
ƴ ְڴ°? "Ÿ"
ϰ ִ. ù°, ʿ伺̴. Ư Ű öп
ϴ ΰ ̻ Ǵ Ű ȥ
Ȯ ƴ Ѵ. ΰ 츮
ھư ϴ ̸, 츮 ھ
ο ڿ ٴ ̴.
츮 ƹ 츮 ũƼ
ʿ ǰ ڿ ൿ ̶ ̴.
ī 䰡 ٸ 츮 ſ
ؾ Ѵٴ ̴. ̷ μ
ʷ Ӹ ƴ϶ ѿ
ϴ ̸ ȴٰ Ѵ. ̻ ᱹ
䰡 䰡 ž 䰡κ ؼ ִ ̶⺸ٴ ٷ
žֿ ̶ ؾ ̴. ư "Ÿ"
信 Ͽ ȸ ǹ Ż̶ ʿ
̻ ÿ 츮 ൿ ö ε
Ư ̴. "Ÿ" 䰡 Ͽ δ
缺 ٰ ȸ ȣ, ٸ δ
ž Ͽ ڳ ޱ
̴. ڴ
Ⱑ ڰ ƴ϶ κ ο ̱
̶ ̴.
"Ÿ" ڼ 캼 , žָ ϰ
, δ 翡 ǥ δ° ϸ ٸ
ſ ְ õǰ žֿ ̸
Ѵ. ü "ٰٵ Ÿ" Ĵϻ
Ͽ Űö , ڰ ž
ؼҵ ä ִ.
Ƿ ļ Ÿö ī ڰ ڱ
ö 忡 ϴ "Ÿ" ؼ
ϰ ͵ ٰŰ ̹ "Ÿ" ؾ ̴.
4. "Żǰ" Ÿ öл
"ٰٵ Ÿ" Ҿ "ϹٶŸ" ϳ ߿ ö
κ 12 "Żǰ"̴. "Żǰ" öл
üȭ ƴ϶ ݺǾ
Ÿ° ϸ ȣ Ǿ ֱ ϴ.
ַ Ű߿䰡ö ̴.
츮 ̹ ı Ĵϻ鿡 Űö Ÿ
߰ŴϿ "ϹٶŸ" "Żǰ" Ű
Ǿ üȭ Ű · Ǿ
ִ. ٽ ϸ "Żǰ" εöл Ǵ ı Ĵϻ
üȭ Űö Ű 츮
شٴ ִ. Ư Ű ö 25 ʰ
̹ ̷ 츮 ִ.
켱
5 Ǿ ǰ , ° ̶ Ҹ
DZ ɸμ θӸ Ǿ ִ.
Ҽ ̷ ٿ شϴ Ȥ Ұ
ǰ ȴ. ٶ Ҹ ϴ ̶
Ҹ Ұ ߰Ǿ εö Ϲ
Ǿ. Ҿ ϰ ִ ǰμ
dz ȴ. ߿ 츮 ϰ
Űü迡ó üǾ ,
뵵 κ س ƴϴ. ټ
ٰ ۱ 11ٵ κ Ǿ
־,κ Ű ̸ ̰
ִ. ̿ܿ Ǫ ũƼ
, Ű ö 輳 ߿ ̷ ǰ ִ 3
ãƺ ִ.
"Żǰ" ̷ Ű öлӸ ƴ϶ õ
䰡 Ű öа ϰ
ä ߰ߵȴ.
"Żǰ" 䰡 ȸ ڳ ڵ鵵 õϿ Ż
ִٰ Ͽ, Ű öп Ͽ 䰡 , õ
ϰ ִ. 䰡 õ ص
߰ߵdz, ٽ κ Ͽ DZٿ
Ȱ ߾ 츮 ھƸ 巯 Ϳ ִ.
Ʈ ƴ Ʈ ü ϱ ϰ Ȥ ̶ ϱ ϳ,
DZ̶ ذ ̴. DZ Ʈ Ҿ ȸ ü
ȴٴ 츮 ָ . Ű öп ־ ε
ϰ ִ Ұ ְ ִ ̴.
5. Ķ ȸ Ȯ
ұ ƹ ռ Ȱ Ӱ
Ͽ μ ٶ ϴ Ͽ ϴ,
ұ μ Ѱ ϰ ־. װ ұ
Ÿ ú Ⱑµ ߽ ߽ ٴ ̴.
Ż ɰ 簡ڵ ϻȰ
ұ ü ִ ü
ߴ. 簡ڵ Ȱ ﺸ Ͽ 踦 Ű
° ʿ ø ϴ ο. ϻ
Ȱ ӿ İ ϴ ٽô
̷ ؼ ̾. Ĵϻ
ô ̷ εε ȸ
ȭǸ鼭
ü ൿ μ ް Ǵ
ΰ ϴ Ͽ 簡ڵ ڿ ̴.
ٳ 帶 Ǹ ַ ٷ
μ Ĵϻ Ǿ ,
帶 ̷ ؼ ٶ ڵ
Ǿ. Ͽ ǽĵ Թ .ϴ "õ", 簡ڵ
ȸȰ ǹ а ִ "", ̳ "ǹ"
ǰ ̴. ⼭ "ǹ" Ģ ü ٰϿ
װ Ѵٰ Ͼ ǹӸ ƴ϶ ȸ ǹ
ǹϰ Ǿ. "ǹ" ̷ 鿡 ٶ ſ
߿ μ ȸ Ͽμ Ѿ ϴ ȸ ǹ
Ƿ Թ ϰ ִ. ̷ "ǹ" Ͽ
± 200 300 ̿ ε
ȰԹ ϰ ü ǰ
̴. ִ
(200B.C~300 A.D) Ű߹(100~300) μ,
̵ 츮߿ , ȸ,
ȸ Ȳ ұ ٶ , ó
ٶ μ ̷ ̾.
鵵 Ĵϻó İ Ż λ ְ ǥμ
ϰ ̵ ӿ
Ѿ ùٸ ǹ ü ִµ ִ. ̷
ǹ ü ٰ ̷ ִ ٵ
"ƽ", 缺 ȸ ǹ λ
߱ؾ ̻ ¸ ִ ̴. Ư
̷ ȸ ؼϸ 簡
ʼ Ż ߱ ֵ ϴ μ ̴.
, 1 Ȱμ, Ƶ⸦ ģٴ ǥμ
Թ Ͽ й
ݿ Ȱ Ѵ. 2 нⰣ 簡ڷμ ȥ
ϰ ŵ 鿡 縦 ø , İ踦 ϸ
θ ߱ϴ Ȱ Ѵ. "" ñ⸦
ٶ ȸ ٽμ ߿ϰ ִ. 3 ڷμ
ġ ڸ ϸ鼭
ݿ Ȱ Ѵ. ̰ Ӽ Ȱ̴. 4
ü ȸ 踦 " "μ
Ż 踸 ߱Ѵ.
̿ Ͽ ٶ ȸü λ ߱ؾ ġ
ġħ ְ ߱ ֵ ν ұ
Ż߽ ϸ ȸü ϰ ̴.
2 εö üȭ
7 Ű 䰡ö
1 εö üȭ
ݱ 츮 ± 1500 2 ģ
εö ⸦ ؿԴ. Ⱓ εö θ
Ⱓ پϰ â ö Ǿ ļ ͼ
üȭ ö ĵ ٺ ִ ع ǰ ֱ
̴. ̵ پ ҽºұ ĵ ϰ
κ ִ νķ Ͽ ü
̷̶⺸ٴ ü迡 ö ̶
ϴ Ÿ ̴. 츮 ݱ ö
Ŀ ־ Ĵϻ峪 ұ ַ ȭ
ϰ , ö ϰְ ü
ϰų ȣϴ ƴ ̴. 200ʹ
ٶ 帧 Ͽ
ĸ ̷ Ǿ ̵ ڱ ö ص
ϰ Ͽ ϴ ̶ ϰ Ǿ.
ٺ Ǿ, ʹ ϰ ϱ
ڿ ּ ҿ üȭϿ ٷ
Ǿ. ̷ εö ü ƹ ұ
ö ϸ, ̷κʹ εö
İ ȣǽİ ǰ Ǿ.
ĵ ̻ ظ ϴ ġ ʰ ư
νķ عħϷ µ ̰
Ǿ. ̷ν εö ڱݼ ο ܰ
̴.
츮 ̹ º, ü, 淮ο ҽºұ ü
߰ŴϿ ʹ ٶ öа ºұö
ü踦 ö 뿡 θ鼭 ĺ ϱ Ѵ.1)
1) ҽºĺұ ö ñε Ƽī ķ Ͽ
DZ ߱ , ǻ 1() ٷ.
üγ 淮 Ĵ ñγ ε
2(ü) ٷ д.
2 Ű 䰡ö
Űö ε üȭ ö
.2) Űö 츮 ̹ ٿ
'īŸĴϻ' 'ŸŸ Ĵϻ' ı Ĵϻ忡
иϰ Ÿ 'ϹٶŸ' 12 'Żǰ'
ʱ Űö ° Ÿ 츮 츮 ̹
Ҵ. Ư 'ٰٵ Ÿ' , 2~ 3
濡 Űߴ 䰡 Ҿ ϳ Ȯ μ
̸, 'Ÿ' ־ ̴. ̷
鿡 Ÿ ִ Ÿ ִ Ű ö
ߴ ʱ μ ߿ ŷ
Ű öа ̰ ִ.
Ű ö īʶ 4
ϸ, ƽ ī Ͽ µǾٰ Ѵ.
̵ ʱ Ű ϳ ִ
īʶ ؼ ٰ 'Ż' ڵ鿡 ϸ
9 ִ.3) 17
Ÿö ij ּ , ״
Űöп ߿ ⺻μ '' å .
ϴ Űöм Ǹ ÿ ߿
̽ٶũ 'м'̴. 츮 'м'
ͼ ö и ̿, ŷ ö Ǵ
ȴ. 'м' 4 濡 Ǹ4)
70 Ǿ ־ '70'̶ Ҹ ϸ, ε
öм ̷ ֵǴ ̴. 8 ö Ĵ
ּ 'мۼ' 9 Ÿ ö Ƽ̽ ּ
'' ִ.
Ű ö ķμ ټ
Ű ö ̷е Ÿ ö Ÿöĵ鿡
Ǿ 5) ε ū ־ Դ.
Űö ϳ ߿ ڷ 䰡 ̴.
䰡 Űö ̻ ״ Ƶ̰ ִ
ÿ õ ϰ ִ ķμ, '䰡'̶
ٺ ִ. '䰡' ź߸ B.C. 2
ι 6) ˷ , ǻδ ± 4~ 5
濡 ϼ ֵȴ. 7) 䰡
̺ ν ұϿ ã ִ ̴. 䰡
Ƹ ̹ ٽô ٶ ź̰ ڿ
Ͽ ϴ ã ̴.
Ȥ ̺ٵ ռ, δ 䰡 ¹
Ż ߱ʿ 䰡 Ƹ ٳ Ƹ dz
ƴ϶ Ƹ ƴϾ° ھƳ ִ.
ư 'īŸ Ĵϻ' '䰡'
Ͽ ڸ νϴ ϰ , ̷
̹ Ÿ Ȥ ִ Ⱑڵ
Ͽ ̴.
'ϹٶŸ' ͼ 䰡 Ű߿ Ҿ и
üμ ǰ ִ. Űߴ Ż ̸ ̷ ,
䰡 õ Ǿ
صǰ ִ ̴. ̷ õ Ÿ
ö ü ʿ '䰡' ͼ ٵ ǰ
̴.
'䰡' ּμ ٻ '䰡'̴.
Ұ ' ظ'̶ ް ִ ̵
ÿ 8) ̹ Ű öа 䰡 صǰ
־ ְ ִ. 䰡 ö ŷ μ
Ű߿ʹ ٸ ־ٰ ȴ. ư
9 Ƽ̽ ҿ 'ȿ' ָ
̿ Ͽ 䰡ö м ǰ Ǿ. 16 ij
ҿ '䰡'̶ ּ '䰡'' 䰡ö
伭 ߴ.
̽ٶũ 'м' ź߸ '䰡',
Ƽ̽ ּ ߽ Ͽ Ű 䰡 ö 밭
캸 ϸ, ߿ ϱ Ѵ.
2) Ű ö 踦 25(tattva) Ͽ ϹǷ
߽Ѵ Ͽ ̶ ҷԴ. 'Samkhya' 'ϴ '
Ǯ̵ǰ ִ.
3) Sankara ؼ ʰ 9
Vacaspatimisra ſ 'м' ּ
߿ ֵȴ.
4) 'м' 560濡 ü Ͽ ּ Բ Ǿ.
5) 17 Ÿ ö ij Ű ö
ľ-̽ī öа Ҿ Ÿ ߴ.
״ Ű ö ϴ ڸ Ͽ,
ȥ ̸ ұ ־ ħ̶ ߴ.
6) J.H. Woods The Yoga System of Patanjali (Cambridge:
Harvard Univ. Press, 1914) ź߸ B.C. 2
ź߸ʹ ٸ ι ϰ ִ. Dasgupta ڸ
. A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. I, p.
238
7) ؼ Woods ؿ
8) J.H. Woods 븦 300~ 500, 븦 650~800
ִ. ̿ Ͽ ̼ ־ Ȯ ʴ.
3
Ű ö ұ 踦 , غϷ
ö ָ ִ. ־
ұ 䰡 ü迡 ɸ , ΰ
ɸ ߽ Ͽ 踦 ľϷ £,
Ͽ ؼ ϰ ִ. ÿ Ű ö
ұ ʰ ִ ΰ ھ, Ǫ
(:purusa) 縦 ϰ , ұ
̸ ̰ ִ. Ű ö 縦
purusa prakrti̶ ̻ μ Ѵ.
ΰ ٷ ϸ Ű ö ٺ ľϰ
Ǵ ̴.
ũƼ, ̶ Ű öп Ư ǹ̸
ϰ ִ. ũƼ Ǫ ü
κ Ǿ ¿ μ avyakta̶
Ҹ. , 迡 ٿ Ѱ踦
и Ÿ ɼ 踦 ǹѴ.
ü ε , κʹ
Ǿ upadana-karana,Ȥ 1
pradhana Ǹ, â sakti Ǵ ̴. Ű öп
ϸ ο ̹
ϰ ־ Ѵ.
̹ ο ϰ ִ ̰ Ÿ Ϳ
Ұ ̴. ̷ ظ εöп satkarya-
vada̶ θ. karya karanaӿ ̹ sat
Ѵٰ ϴ ̸, üο ҽºұ -
īö ǥϴ ߹ asatkaryavada ̷.
ǥϴ ö ٿ
parinamavada ִ° ϸ,
ȯ Ÿ vivartavada ΰе ִ. ڸ
ǥϴ Ű ö̰ ڴ ̷ Ÿ
öп ã ִ. ڸ,
ȿ ̹ Ƹ ʴ
ϰ ְ, Ƹ ٿ ̴.
ݸ鿡 븸 ̰ Ƹ
Ÿ ʴ´ٴ ̴.
Ű ϸ, ü pralaya ȭ sarga
Ӿ ݺѴٰ Ѵ. ü ¿ ũƼ
ӿ ϰ Ǿ Ÿ ʴ ¸
ϸ, ȭ ũƼκ Ǿ
Ѵ. ü ȭ ǮϰԲ
ϴ°? Ͽ ũƼ üμ ü ¿
ӹ ʰ ȭ Ѿ°?
Ű ö ϱ ؼ ũƼ ü
ʿ䰡 ִ.
Ű߿ ϸ ũƼ Ʈ sattva, ڽ rajas, Ÿ
tamas guna Ǿ ִ. ҵ
κ ߸ μ, Ʈٴ
, , ſ, prakasaka,
, ڽ Ӿ , , Ӽ
ְ, Ÿ , ſ, , ,
Ӽ ٰ Ѵ. ̴ ũƼ
Ұ յǾ ΰ
ϴ ȴٰ Ѵ. Ҵ μο
ָ, Ѱ ° ũƼ ·κ
и Ѱ ¸ 踦 Ų.
Ұ ־ samyavastha ̷
ҵ ü ٻ ϰ ֱ
Ÿ ʱ
ũƼ ƹ ״ ְ ȴٰ Ѵ.
ٸ Ͽ ũƼ ̷ ° Ǵ°?
Űö . ũƼ
Ǫ 翡 ְ ν purusa-samnidhi-matra
ٰ Ѵ. ġ ڼ ö samyoga
־߸ μ ũƼκ Ǿ ´ٴ
̴. ΰ ϰ
Ǵ° ϴ ̴. Űߴ ϱ⸦ Ǫ ũƼ
ΰ θ ʿ ϱ ̶ Ѵ. Ǫ
ع apavarga̳ bhaga, enjoyment Ͽ ũƼ
ʿ ϸ, ũƼ ڽ ˸ ڷμ
Ǫ ʿ Ѵٴ ̴. Ȥ ϴ ̰
ϴ Ͱ ϱ Ѵ.
̿ Űö
ۿ . Űöп ϴ ؼ̶
Ǫ ũƼ и ̷ ̶ Ǫ
ع Ͽ ũƼ ʿ Ѵٴ ϱ
̴. Ӹ ƴ϶ Űö Ͽ
ΰ ̻ ̿ ó ̶
Ѱ ؾ߸ Ѵ. ذϱ Ͽ
Űö ƴ϶ ٸ
̶ samyogabhasa .
ư Ű߿ Ǫ ũƼ ˿
Ͽ ũƼ ´ Ѵ. ˿
Ͽ ũƼ
ִ ڽ rajas̴. ڽ
鸮 ϸ Ʈٿ Ÿ 鸮 Ǹ ȭ
۵Ǵ ̴. ϴ ũƼ
.
Ư Ÿ Ʈٸ
ǰ ϴ buddhi̴. ַδ κ
ٸ 谡 Ǿ (
mahat)̶ Ҹ, ɸ.δ ν
ִ μ , ̶ Ҹ. ӿ
ְ ü ũƼ ȴ
ϰ ,
Ͽ samskara, mental disposition
ϰ ִٰ Ѵ. ũƼ,
깰μ ü cit ǰ ʴ. װ
Ǫ ݻۿ Ͽ ´ٰ Ѵ. ġ
ſ Ƽ Ǫ ٸ ǵ ߰
Ǿ 츮 Ȱ, ν, ϰ ȴٰ Ѵ.
ݻ ִ ü ,
Ʈ Ұ ̱ ̴. ٽ ϸ,
Ǫ ǰ ϰ , Ǫ
μ Ǫ ũƼ ߰ ϴ ߿ ġ
ϰ ִ. ν Ȱ Ǫ
踦 ȣ ̴.
ν ü Ǫ ƴϰ ƴϰ
̴.
⼭ Űö νķп ־ ̷ο ,
̼ Ͽ 繰
akara Ȥ , ڽ
ٸ µ鿡 ÷ ȭѴٰ Ѵ. ٽ ϸ
ܼ ű ϴ
ƴ϶ 鿡 Ͽ νİ
Ѵٴ ̴.
κ ī ahamkara(Ƹ) Ҹ üȭ
Ǿ ´. ɸδ ī ٵ
ھǽİ abhimana̴. Ǫ ڽ ٷ
ī Ͽ θ ü ϰ ȴٰ Ѵ.
ī ̱ ϴ.
װ ǰ Ʈٳ ڽ ŸĿ
ī ϰ ȴ. ڽ
ַ ǰ Ƿ üδ
ʰ, Ʈٿ Ÿ ͼ ϵ ϴ ϸ Ѵٰ
Ѵ. Ʈ Ǹ ī
DZ manas jnana-indriya, , , , ,
, ô ɷ°, ۱ karma-indriya, ϰ
̰, ű, 輳ϰ, ϴ ɷµ Ѵ.
⼭ Indriya̶ ̴ ü ǹϴ
ƴ϶ Ͽ ۿϴ ʴ sakti
ǹϴ μ, ߷ anumana Ͽ ƴ Pra-
tyaksa Ǵ ƴ϶ Ѵ.
̻ ũƼ ī
(DZ) ɸ antah-karana̶ θ, ʱ
bahya-karana̶ θ. prana ɸ
ֵȴ. ܺμ踦 ɸ ִ
ϸ, ɸ ȴ. ɸ
Űü μ, Ͽ
к nirvikalpa ҿ sense data Ű Ͽ
кϰ ϰ ؼϿ к savikalpa Ǵ('̰
̴', ' ' ) ٲٴ ۿ Ѵ. Ű
öп , κе Ǿ ,
ÿ ִٰ Ѵ(̰ ڿ
ϰ, ľ-̽ī Nyaya-Vaisesika ϴ
ؿ ̰ ִ). ̷ ۿ
ī Ȱ '' 信 ڱ
buddhi Ѵ.
鿡 Ѵ. buddhi-vrtti. ̰δ
ν Ѵ. ֳϸ
ũƼ, ̸ üδ cit ǰ
̴. Ǫ ݻϿ μ
Ǵ ̴. ̻ ũƼ
ΰ ν ݴ ִ.
ΰ ν м Ͽ ν
ٰŸ ̷ ҵ Ųٷ ö ã Ű
ö ̴.
ٸ , ߷ Ÿ ϴ īκʹ
tanmatra, , .... ̷ ̼
ȴ. տ Ͽ bhuta ȴ.
, κʹ akasa, dz vayu,
.. ȭ tejas, ... ap,
.... ksiti 밡 Ǵ
̴. ⼭ ̴ 鿡
Ͽ κ ߸Ͽ ʴ
縦 ϰ . ̷ Ͽ 1 ȭ sarga
տ Ͽ ̴
پ缺 Ÿ ̴.
̻ ũƼ
, δ ī 11 ϴ
, ϴ
Ÿ Ǵ ̴. ī Ư
ִ ɼ avisesa ϸ, ϱٰ
̹ Ư ֱ visesa θ.
ī Բ ΰ linga-
sarira, subtle body ̷ٰ Ѵ. ̶ 츮 ü ı
Ǵ ؼ Ͽ ٸ ¾ Ǵ ȸ
Ǵ ̴. ȿ ſ
Ͽ 츮 samskara ϰ ִٰ Ѵ.
dharma adharma, jnana ajnana, vairagya,
avairagya, ڿ aisvarya, anaisvarya 8
̴. ̷ װͿ ˸´ · ٽ
¾ٴ ̴. ġ ع찡 ϵ
¾ٰ Ѵ.
̹ ߵ Űöп ϸ ̻ ũƼ
ǽ̱ ̷ ִٰ Ѵ.
Ǫ bhoga ع apavarga ǹ̸
Ѵٴ ̴. Ǫ Űö ̷
.
4
ũƼ dz ƴ
ݸ鿡, Ǫ ε ƴϰ ƴ ̴.
Űö Ǫ 縦 ν ö
ʴ ̴.
Ǫ ϰ ϸ κа ʴٰ
Ѵ. Ĵϻ忡 ϴ Ʈ̳ 常
Űö Ǫ , ̴
̶ Ѵ. Ǫ , Ȥ
ڷμ ȭ ϸ, 츮
Ǵ , ÷ ϴ
Ŀ Ͽ ƹ ʴ´. ϴ
Ǫ ƴϱ ̴.
Ű߿ ϸ Ǫ 絵 ũƼó ߷ anumana
Ͽ ˷ Ѵ. Űߴ Ǫ 翡 Ͽ
Ѵ. Ƿ װ ϴ
ʿ Ѵ. , ü ʿ ϸ,
Ǫ ̴. ΰԴ ȸ κ
ִ.
ϴ , ʹ ٸ 簡 ־߸
̴. ũƼ 迡 ִ κе
繰鿡Լ ߰ߵǴ ġ ǽ 縦
̶ Ѵ. Űߴ Ǫ ̷ ڿ ȹ
designerμ ϴ ƴϳ, ̷ ǵ
ǽ Ѵ.
츮 ⼭ ŷ Űöа ŷ ϴ
䰡ö ̸ 캼 ʿ䰡 ִ. Ű߿ 䰡
ũƼ Ǵ ӿ ո
Ѵٰ Ѵ.
ũƼ ȭ Ǵ
ΰ̴. Ͽ Űߴ ũƼ ü Ǫ
Ϸ ִٰ Ͽ ־
ƹ ܺ ۿ ʴ´. ̿ Ͽ 䰡ö
ũƼ ῩǾ ֱ
, ٳ ־
ڱⰡ մ ִ
ũƼ üδ ȵȴٰ Ѵ. 䰡ö
̽ٶ Isvara 縦 Ѵ.
ũƼ εǸ Ǫ
ȣǰ ȴٴ ̴.
'䰡' ü ɰ Ȱ
ʰ ٸ ӹ Ǫμ 䰡ڵ
Ǵ صǰ ִ. ּ鿡 ͼ
̷ Ȱ 信 ʰ Ȱ
ľϰ Ǿ. Ͽ Vyasa ̼
Ƶ ָ ڵ
ϴ ϰ , Ƽ̽
ֱ ȭ ü, Ģ ϸ
ٸ ϴ ڷμ ϰ ִ ̴.
5 Ż
Ǫ ع Ѱ? DZ Ͽ
츮 켱 Űöп ־ ӹ ΰ
ȵȴ. 츮 ̹ ũƼ ü ȭ
Ӿ ݺϰ ߴ. ũƼ
ũƼ Ǫ samyoga ̸,
Ư Ǫ ũƼ
ͼ, ¿ ν ,
Ǵ ̴. ٽ ϸ
Ǫ ũƼ ȥԵǰ Ǵ ߿ ġ
ϰ ִ. Ȥ ȥ ϴ
ƴϴ. ֳϸ Ǫ ǽμ
ο ũƼ ̱ ̴.
Ͽ Ǫ Ǿ ġ
µ Ǫ üϴ εǰ ִٴ ̴.
ٸ ٲپ ϸ Űöп ־ ӹ̶ Ǫ
״븦 ϰ ȥϴ ϴ ̴.
Ʈ ֱ
̾, Ǫ ݻϿ ġ ü ǽ ִ
ó δٰ Ѵ. 츮 ° Ǫ
ƴ϶ ٴ ̴. ̰ Űöп ϴ
̴.
䰡ö ϱ⸦ 츮 ¸
ġ Ǫ ϴ Ѵ. Ǫ
μ ƹ Ȱ ȭ ʴ ̴.
ϴ ߾ µ ȥDZ
Ǫ ü νİ üμ ȭ ް ִ
ó δٴ ̴. ġ ƹ µ ö ձ
¸ ó ̴° ϸ, ̰߰ ̴
Ͱ ϴٰ Ѵ. Ȥ 鸮 ῡ ġ Ǹ ġ
ü 鸮 ó ̸ ü ִ ó
̴ Ͱ ٰ Ѵ. Ǫ и ϴ
к viveka-jnana Ż ʼ Ǵ ̴.
Űöп ϸ ̷ к ɼ ü
߰ߵȴ. ũƼ Ǫ ع̶
Ͽ δ Ȱϰ , ũƼ Ǫ
ӹϷ 簡 ƴ ̴. ᱹ ؼ ũƼ
ü ̸ ִٴ ̴.
ϴ ̷ к Ǹ, ߽
츮 νİ ġ Ǹ Ǫ
kaivalya ¿ ְ Ǵ ̴. 'м'
̽ٶũ Isvarakrsna ϱ⸦ ũƼ ſ
͵ Ƽ, ϴ Ǫ ڰ ڱ Ĵٺ
ִٴ ǽ ġ ȴٰ Ѵ. Ǫ ũƼ
ϴ ̸ Ҿ ũƼ Ǫ
ٰ ϸ ġ ȴٴ ̴.
䰡öп ٰ ī ahamkara DZ manas
ԽѼ citta̶ θ. ȿ
samskara λ vasana, Ȥ
ϰ ִ ȸ üμ, ̵
ǵ ȯϰ ȴٰ Ѵ. 䰡ö
ϱ Űöпó Ǫ
ع ܼ к ϴٰ ʴ´.
ӿ ִ ŵǾ
Ǫó · ȭǾ Ѵٴ ̴. Ӹ
ƴ϶ 翡 ؼ ο 븦 ϰ
ִ ۿ ľ߸ citta-vrtti-nirodha ؼ
ϴٴ ̴.
䰡öп ϸ ټ Ȥ klesa
Ͽ ħǾ ִٰ Ѵ. avidya, ư asmita, Ž
raga, dvesa, Ž(Ž̶ Ͽ
ηϴ Ѵ)ε, ߿
ũ, 4 ȴ. ̵ Ͽ 츮
Ǹ, 츮 ӿ
Ǿ 츮 Ŀ ް Ǵ ̴.
䰡ö 츮 ۿ 5 Ͽ ϰ ִ.
pramana, viparyaya, к vikalpa, nidra,
smrti̴. pratyaksa ߷ anumana sabda
Ÿ ν κ ̰
Ʋ Ѵ. к
ؼ ƴ , '䳢 ' ̰,
̶ ν 縦 ϴ μ ̰͵ ۿ ϳ
ֵȴ. λ Ͽ
ȸϴ ̴.
̷ ۿ Ǿ ϱ
Ͽ 䰡ö ü μ 8 ܰ
䰡 astanga-yoga Ѵ. yama, niyama,
¹ asana, pranayama, pratyahara, dharana,
dhyana, samadhiμ, ߿ ó ټ
غ ܰ ֵǸ, 䰡 ñظǥ ۿ ģ
samadhi ̸ ̴.
*
Colebrook, H.T., trans., The Sankhya Karika; and H.H. Wilson,
trans., The Bhasya or Commentary of Goudapada. Bombay, 1887.
Dahlman, J., Samkhya-Philosophie. Berlin, 1902.
Danielou, A., Yoga: The Method of Re-integration. London, 1949.
Dasgupta, S., The Study of Patanjali. Calcutta, 1920
Yoga as Philosophy and Religion. London, 1924.
Yoga Philosophy in relation to Other Systems of Indian
Thought. Calcutta, 1930.
Eliade, M., Yoga: Immortality and Freedom. Princeton, 1958.
Garbe, R., Die Samkhya-Philosophie. Leipzig, 1917.
Samkhya und Yoga. Strasbourg, 1896.
trans., Mondschein der Samkhya Wahrheit.(Vacaspatimisra
Samkhyatattva-Kaumudi ).
Hauer, J. W., Die Anfange der Yogapraxis. Stuttgart, 1922.
Yoga als Heilweg. Stuttgart, 1932.
Jha, G., trans., The Yogasdrasamgraha of Vijnana Bhikshu. Bombay,
1894.
Johnston, E.H. Early Samkhya: An Essay in its Historical Develop-
ment according to the Texts. London, 1937.
Keith, A.B., The Samkhya System. London, 1918.
Sharma, V.H.D., trans., The Tattvakaumudi (Vacaspatimisra's
Commentary on the Samkhya- karika) 3nd ed. Poona, 1934.
Wood E., Yoga. Harmondsworth, England, 1959.
Woods, J.H., The Yoga System of Patanjali, or the Ancient Hindu
Doctrine of Concentration of Mind. Ha vard Oriental Series, Vol.
17, 1914. (Yoga-Sutra, Yoga-Bhasya, Tattva-Vaisaradi ).
8 · ö
1. ·ö
Ű߿ 䰡ö · Vaisesikaö1)
Nyaya öа Բ ǵǾ Դ. İ
ǰ Ǿ Ȯ , Ĵ ó
ٺ ־ ġѴٰ Ͽ, ڰ踦
̷ Դ. ·Ĵ ַ ̻
ٷ Ͽ, Ĵ
̻ а νķ Ͽ ħ ִ
̴. ε ٸ ĵ ұ ,
߿ Ĵ ش ǥϴ
öμ ұ ö 븳Ͽ Դ.
·а ٶ ķμ ֵǾ
־ 뼺 ٺ
̴. Ÿ ̸, Ű.䰡İ и
ö ٰϰ ִ ݸ鿡 ·а Ĵ
ٳ ó Ǫ Purana Ϳ
и ã ö̱ ̴.2)
켱 · ֿ ö 캼 , ī
Kanaka ϴ Ƹ ι ִ
'·а Vaisesika-sutra'κ Ѵ. Ȯ
± 1-2 ǰ ȴ.
ݾ ö Ƴ μ ٸ
ٺó ּ ̴ ϱ κе
ִ. ·ö ü ±
500濡 ŸĴ Prasastapada 'ǹ Padar-
tha-dharma-samgraha'μ, Ļδ '·а' ּ
Ǿ ־ ϳ ̴.3)
ŸĴ ؼ ̸ Vyomasiva(900-960)
' Vyomavati', ٶ Sridhara(950-1000) 'ʼ
Nyayakandali' پ߳ Udayana(1050-1100) 'ֿ
Kiranavali' ּ . ·а
ö Բ ϴ پƵƼ Sivaditya 'ĥǷ
Saptapadarth'eh TmldjwuTek.4) '·а' ŸĴ
'ǹ' ߽ Ͽ ·ö 밭 캸 Ѵ.
1) ·'Vaisesika' 'Ư', '' ǹϴ 'visesa'
μ İ 踦 6ַ Ͽ ϱ
̸̴. ߱ ұ뿡 'Vaisesika'
'پ(ֽ)' Ͽ ĸ ·̶ ҷԴ.
״ .
2) ·ö Ͽ ̳, Lokayata, Ȥ
̸ĺ Ǿ ̶ м Ȯġ
ʴ. H.v. Glasenapp, Die Philosophie der Inder (Strttgart: Alfred
Kroner Verlag, 1974), pp.234-37 .
3) S.N. Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. I, p.306 .
4) ܿ μ Kesavamisra Tarkobhasa, Annambhatta
Tarkasaingraha Ŀ .
2
·ö 踦 padartha() Ͽ
мѴ. ⼭ ֶ ܼ ϴ
ƴ϶ 鿡 شϴ, ϸ ǥ ִ
Īϴ ̴. ٽ ؼ ·ö 踦
ؼϰ ִ.
ù° ִ ü dravya. ü ű ̳
ִ, ̳ ִ ̴.
ü ǵ Ǵ ̴. ·п
ϸ ü 9 ִ. prthivi, ap, ȭ agni,
dz vayu, akasa, ð kala, dis, DZ manas, ھ atman̴.
, , ȭ, dz, 5 panca-bhutaμ, 5
Ͽ ִ Ư
visesa-guna ϰ ִ. ڿ Ͽ
Ǵ , Ϳ Ͽ Ǵ Ҹ
ٰ . ..ȭ.dz װ͵ ϴ ̼
paramanu Ǿ ִٰ Ѵ. ڵ
κ ʱ ̻ ,
ı nitya ݸ鿡,
̵ ..ȭ.dz .Ҹ ֱ
ϴ anitya. ·п ϸ ڿ ..ȭ.dz
ϴ 4 ְ, ڵ鵵
־ ٸٰ Ѵ. akasa ڷ Ǿ
ʴ. ·п ϸ ü Ƿ ũ
Ÿ ־ ϴµ, Ƿ
. Ҹ ؾ ϴ üμ
簡 ߸Ǿ ִ ̶ Ѵ. ð kala
dis ߸ ƴ üμ,
ϳ̸ ϰ Ϳ ϴ ̴. ð
츮 ..̷.. νϴ ٰŷμ,
߸ȴ. ð
ü 츮 νĿ ִ ǵ upadhi
ټ κ ó Ͽٰ Ѵ.
̶ ̶
, ϳ ġ κ νĵȴٴ
̴.
ھ atman Ȥ ȥ 츮 ǽ عٴ ̷
üμ ϰ ̴. ȥ οȥ jivatman ְ
ȥ paratman, Isvara ִ. ϳ̸
âڷμ ߸Ǵ ̴( öп
ٷ ). ȥμ κ
ο ̴. οȥ ϳ ƴ϶ ,
ٸ Ư ִٰ Ѵ. οȥ
DZ manas Ǿ ʴ´ٸ Ű
κ ο Ѵ. ȥ , , ,
µ ϴ üμ, '
ȴ', ' Ѵ' ǥκ 츮 ھư ǽ
ϰ Ǵ ü ִٰ . ·ö
Ű߳ Ÿöа cit ȥ
ʰ 쿬 Ѵ. 츮
¿ 츮 ȥ
ʴ´ٰ Ѵ.
·ö DZ manas̶ ü
Ѵ. DZ 츮 antarindriyaμ, ·п
ϸ 츮 ϵ
ȥ µ ϴ
־߸ Ѵٴ ̴. ̰ ٷ DZ ̴.
츮 ھƴ Ͽ ܰ 繰 ϸ
DZ̶ Ͽ ڽ µ νѴٴ
̴. 츮
ϰ ұϰ, ÿ ʴ
츮 Ȱ ϳ ϴ
ֱ ̶ Ѵ. ̰ DZ μ, ̶ DZ
ǰ ؼ ߸ μ
ϴٴ ̴. DZ Ͽ
ھƿ ̿ ġϴ μ, װ Ͽ ھƴ
ϸ ν ϴ ̴. DZ ̼
ڿ Ƽ ƹ κ ϰ
Ѵ. κ ִٸ, װ Ȱ
ȭ 츮 ÿ ְ
̱ ̴. 츮 ھƴ DZٰ ϰ
DZ 츮 ھƿ ü οϴ ̶ Ѵ.
DZ ȸ Ͽ ھƸ Ѵٰ Ѵ.
ݱ 츮 ·ö 6 ü dravya
캸Ҵ. ·ö ° ִ guna̴.
ü Ͽ ϸ ü ƹ ̳
ʴ. 繰 ̳
, װ ʹ ϴ. ʹ
ü ʴ ̰, Ӽ̴. ·
⺻ 24(, , , ) зϰ
Ͽ ⼭ Ѵ.
· ° ַ , Ȥ karma .
ü ϳ,
ü ڽ Ÿ ü ϰų
ϴ Ǵ ̴.
ʴ. ֳϸ ü ϱ ̴.
, ð, ̳ ȥ ü
. ѵ ü ü, , ȭ, dz, DZٿ
ϴٰ . ֳϸ ġ
ٲٴ Ұϱ ̴. · ټ з
ϴµ utksepana, avaksepana, akuncana, prasarana,
gamana ̴.
° ִ samanya̴. , 繰 ٸ ̸
ƴ ̸ θ ϴ ٰŰ Ǵ ̰
縦 Ѵ. ؿʹ ·п ϸ
ܼ 츮 θ ϴ ƴ϶
繰 ϴ ̴. ϸ
뼺 , ȴ.
, satta 5 ,
̼ Ϸ 繰 ȿ ѵ , ʰ
, ü dravyata5)
еȴ. ü Ӽ ֿ Ѵ.
繰 뼺 ִ ӿ Ͽ ·
5° Ư κ ʴ ü ,
ð, , , DZ, ȥ, ñ Ư Ȥ
ϴ ̴. κ ִ 繰
κе ̿ Ͽ , κ ü
̴ ִ Ư Ͽ߸ ȴٰ
Ѵ. Ư ü ӿ ϹǷ ü
ϴٰ Ѵ.
·ö samavaya 缺 Ѵ.
·п 繰 繰 迡 ִٰ Ѵ.
ϳ samyoga, conjunction̰ ٸ ϳ samavaya,
inherence̴. ̶ 繰 ٸ 繰
μ װ 繰 ִ. ̶
ü 쿬 Ȥ Ӽ ֵȴ.
ݸ鿡 ̰ Ұи μ ü κ,
ü , ϳ ٸ ϳ ȿ ʿ ϴ
̴. ·п ϸ ,
öп ִٰ Ѵ.
̻ ܿ '·а' Ǿ
10 ·ö ϰ° Padartha
μ abhava ִ. ʴ´ٴ
̶ ̴. 츮 İ pada
artha ְ ̸ İ
ϹǷ ̶ ͵ ƴ İ
̶ ̴. ·ö Ѵ.
ù° pragabhava, 繰 ̴.
° ĺ pradhvamsabhava, 繰 ĸ ̸,
° ȣ anyonyabhava, 繰 ٸ 繰
ν ̴. ° atyantabhava,
'䳢 ', ' ' ̴. ٸ
繰 ̰, ĺ ٸ 繰
̰, ȣ ϸ 繰 ̸
ٸ 繰 ְ
ȴٴ ո ʷ ̶ Ѵ.
̹ ٿ , ·ö ̻ 7 ֵ
˾ƾ ϴ padartha ̴.
7 ϰ ִ μ, ·ö
ַп Ͽ پ ľϰ ִ ٿ
ö̴. Űö ̳̿ Ÿö
Ͽ ̰ ִ ̴.
5) , ʵ ̷ η ̴.
3 Ұ߷, Ż
·öе ε ֱ â ü
Ƶδ. ڵ հ ü Ͽ âǰ
üǴ ̴. ʱ ·л 縦
ϳ Ŀ ͼ ϱ Ͽ
縦 Ƶ鿴.6) հ ü ̰
쿬 ƴ϶ Mahesvara â
ı ٴ ̴. Ͽ
'Ұ߷ adrsta'̶ Ҹ οȥ ʴ
鿡 մ ϵ ڵ
Ѵٴ ̴. ڵ â ʾ
Ῡ ڵ Ģ ̵
Ѵٴ ̴. ɵ̸
ƴϴ. ·öп ڴ üμ
ʴٰ ϸ, ȥ ȿ ϰ ִ
Ұ߷¿ Ͽ ȴٰ Ѵ. Ұ߷
ü ̱ , ᱹ
־ ڵ Ģ ؾ Ѵٴ
̴. ̷ ڷп ·ö öпó
ʰ ε Ϲ
ϴ ŷ ڷ ̴.
ε ٸ ĵ ·öе ھ ع濡
ǥ ΰ ִ. ھ ع̶ ھư ƹ Ӽ̳
ʰ ϰ üμ ϸ,
ȿ ʷϴ Ұ߷µ
ʰ ¸ Ѵ. ؼ 켱 ·öп
ùٸ ʿϴٰ Ѵ. ھ ̳
̷ ٷ ˸, ̷ 츮 ̱
ϰ ȴٰ Ѵ. ·ö ΰ ڹ
Ͱ ڹ ƴ ϸ, ڹ
dvesa ٰ μ, ̰ ǹ̸ Ѵٰ
Ѵ. Ż̶ ̷ ڹ ļ ο
ʰ ſ
Ͽ ̴. ̷ ¿ ھƴ
ƹ ̳ ̳ ʰ ǽĵ
° ȴ. Ӽ üμ ھư üμ
̴.
·ö νķ , pratyaksa ,
߷ Ÿ Ѵ.
ó ٸ ϳ Ÿ
ʴ´. ֳϸ ٿ Ÿ
Ÿ缺 ڵ κ ߷е ̱
̴. ( , ĥ) ߷ ֵȴ.
6) ŸĴ 'ǹ' ó иϰ 踦 âϰ
ıϴ Mahesvara Ÿ , پ߳
ٶ ּ ŷ ε巯 Ǿ.
*
Bhaduri, S., Studies in Nyaya-Vaisesika Metaphysics. Poona, 1947.
Chatterji, J., Hindu Realism. Allahabad, 1912.
Gough, A.E., trans., The Vaisesika Sutras of Kanada. Benares,1873.
Faddegon, B., The Vaicesika System. Amsterdam, 1918.
Handt, W., Die Atomische Grundlage der Vaisesikaphilosophie. Rostock,
1900.
Keith, A.B., Indian Logic and Atomism. Oxford, 1921.
Mishra, U., Conception of Matter according to Nyaya-Vaisesika.
Allahabad, 1936.
Patti, G., Der Samavaya. Roma, 1953.
Potter, K,H., ed., Indian Metaphysics and Epistemology: The
Tradition of Nyaya-Vaisesika up to Gangesa. Prinecton, 1977.
Roer, E., trans., "Vaisheshika-Sutra", Zeitschrift der Deutschen
Morgenlandischen Gesellschaft 21 (1867).
Sinha, J., Indian Realism. London, 1938.
Ui, H., trans., and F.W. Thomas, ed., The Vaisesika Philosoph
according to the Dasopadartha-sastra: Chinese Test with Introduction,
Translation, and Notes. London, 1917.
, 'εöп', , 3.
9 ö
1 ö
Nyaya öü Ÿ Gautama Ȥ
Aksapada̶ Ǿٰ Ѵ. Ȯ
뷫 ± 1-2 Ǹ,
' Nyaya-sutra' 2濡
ֵǰ ִ. '' ϴ ߿
Ǹ ִ ߳ Vatsyayana(450-500)
' Nyaya-bhasya'̸, Ҵ ó ̸
ٸ ּ Ҵ. '' 2 Ŀ
ٰ ϳ, ùٸ ¿ ߽
ϴ ξ ָ ұȴٰ ִ.
nyaya Ƹ ٽô Ŀ Ҿ
Ǿ ùٸ Թ ߸س ϴ ǹߴ.
õ, , ε й
ʷ Ͽ Ͱ е
õǾ ̴. ߿ ̸ Mimamsaİ
ٷ뿡 й Ϲ
ٷ ij ϰ ̴.
ٸ ̸ tarka Ȥ ɱ anviksiki Ҹ.
츮 'Ÿ Gautamadharma-sutra', ' Manavadharma-
sastra', īƿ Kautilya 'Ǹ Artha-sastra'
빮鿡 й ΰ ġ ؼ
ǰ ߰ ִ.
߳ '' ּ ߿
6 ʹī Uddyotakara ؼ '
Nyaya-varttika'μ ʹī ұ ģ Vasubandhu
Dignaga и ˰ ־ ݹϰ ִ.
300Ⱓ μ ̷
ŸŸ Santaraksita ī Kamaasila
8 ұöڵ Ͽ
ظ ִ. ö ߿
ιδ εϺ ī̸ ϻ縣
Bhasarvajna(850-920 A.D.) ִ. ' Nyayasara'
ö ִ ǥ ̰ '
Nyayabhusana' '' ּμ
Ǿ Դ ̴. ֱٿ μ ߰ߵǾ
а ִ.1) öлӸ ƴ϶ ٸ
ĵ öп ǥ Ƽ̽
Vacaspatimisra(9)2) ʹī '' ּ
' Nyayavarttika-tatparyatika' , پ߳
Udayana(1050-1100) ֿ ַμ 'ظ'
. پ߳
ڵ鿡 Ͽ ·ö öڷμ ֵǰ
ִ. ٸ 'ھк Atmatattvaviveka' ұ
Ƽ μ ھ 縦 ϰ ,
' ȭ Nyayakusumanjali' ľ-̽ī öп ־
ִ. پ߳
ö ľ-̽ī ĸ dzϴٰ 14 ͼ
Ի Gangesa Ͽ ' Tattvacintamani'
м Ἥ Navya-nyaya ʸ ߴ.
ַ ٷӰ
ϴ ijķμ ⼭ ٷ ʱ Ѵ.
1)Karl H.Potter, ed. Indian Metaphysics and Epistemology. (New Jersey:
Princeton University Press, 1977), pp.6, 410-24 .
2) Vacaspatimisra 뿡 ؼ, , pp.453-4 .
2 ǹ̿
'' ö ٷ 16 зϿ
ϰ ִ.
pramana, ҷ prameya,
Ȯ ǽ Ȥ samsaya, ǰ ϰų Ϸ
prayojana, ߸ Ǵ drstanta, Ǵٰ
Ƶ̴ siddhanta, ߸ 5 ܰ踦 ϴ
avayava, tarka, Ǹ
Ͽ Ȯ μ Nirnaya, ν ܰ
Ͽ Ϸ vada, ¸
ϻ jalpa, ĸ ϴ
vitanda, ߸ ־ Ÿ ̳ Ʋ
hetvabhasa, ̳ ְ ϴ ⺯
chala, ȥŰ δ jati, ￡ ־
ϰ Ȥ ó nigraha-sthana̴.
̻ ִ ٿ , ö ֿ ɻ
ٵ νİ ִ. ·öп
ϴ 7 ִ 2° , prameya Ǹ,
ö ҷٴ pramana ̴
ö̴.
ö jnana upalabdhi,(Ȥ anubhava; apprehen-
sion) ϸ, ó Ÿ arthaprakaso-
buddhi̶ Ѵ. ھư ھư ƴѰ,
μ, ھ ǰ ƴϴ. Ÿ
prama ִ ״ ϴ yathartha-anubhava̸,
ġ Ѵ. ùٸ ν
pravrtti-samarthya ̲, ν п Ǹ
ٰ̲ Ѵ. öп ϸ ν ǰ ڸ ̰ų
Ȥ ü ִ ǰ ƴ϶, ϴ
Ŀ ġ ġ ˷
Ǵ ̴. Ͽ ġ̰,
̴. νķ
̰ ǿ̶ ִ.
ö Ÿ prama pramanaμ Ȥ
pratyaksa; perception, Ȥ ߷ anumana; inference,
Ȥ upamana; comparison, Ȥ sabda;
testimony Ѵ. ̵ Ͽ Ȯϰ
̸, ǽ samsaya, viparyaya,
tarka Ȥ smrti Ͽ Ÿġ
aprama ؾ Ѵ. ǽ̶ Ȯġ μ Ÿ
Ǹ, Ȯ ġ
̴. Ķ '
Ⱑ ̴' μ ڱⰡ ̹
߷, 'Ⱑ ϱ ִ' ߸ Ͽ
ȣϷ ִ. ̰ ο
ִ ƴϴ. ' ִ' ߷ Ͽ
̹ ˰ ֱ ̴. Ĵ Ÿ
ȴٰ Ѵ. ̶ ʰ
ſ ֱ Ÿ
ֵ ʴ´. װ Ÿ
ִ Ȥ Ŀ ü Ÿ
ְ ִ. öп ϴ Ÿ
̶ ̹ ִ ״ anubhavaϴ
μ, ￡ İ Ǵ ̴. Ÿ
prama̶ ߷а 4 pramana
̴. 4
ϳϳ .
3 ̷
ö pratyaksa Ѵ. ϳ
laukika ̿, ٸ ϳ Ư alaukika̴.
츮 ˿ ٿ Ѵ.
츮 Ƿ ִ.
, , , , ټ bahyaindriya
˿ ð caksusa, û
srauta, İghranaja, ̰ rasana, ˰ sparsana ְ, °
μ manas;, DZ̶
antarindriya Ͽ ھ µ, , , ,
, ϴ manasa ִ.
鿡 Ͽ Ǵ ҵ
Ǿ ִٰ Ѵ. DZ manas bhuta鿡 Ͽ
Ǿ ɿ ־ ó
繰 νĿ ѵǾ ʰ Ŀ
̰ ߽ Ѵ. öп
츮 ݵ DZ
ϰ ־ Ѵٰ Ѵ. ؼ
DZ νü ھ atman ˵Ǿ Ѵ. ٽ Ͽ
DZ ھƿ ߰ڿ μ, DZٰ
Ͽ ھƿ λ ̴.
ھ Ȥ Ӽ ̴.
ö ܰ Ȥ ¸ Ѵ.
к к̴.
к ̶ ݿ
ƹ ǽ̳ Ǵ ϴ ε Ͽ, к
ݿ ǽİ Ǵ ϴ
Ѵ. к к Ŀ ̷
̶ Ѵ. ö ν re-cognition,
ߴ ϴ ͵
Ѵ.
Ư alaukika ̶ Ư ̾
Ư Ͽ ־ ̴. ö
̷ Ư 3 ִ. ù° ̴.
̶ Ȥ
ϴ μ Ͽ 츮 ѷ Ư
繰 ִ Ϲ ְ
ȴٴ ̴. öп ϸ Ư ȿ ϰ ִ
̴.3) 繰 츮 Ư Ӹ
ƴ϶ ̿ Ҿ Ư ִ
Ѵٴ ̴. , 츮
Ư ̳ ǰ ϴ ƴ϶ ȿ Ͽ
ִ ΰ Ϲݵ Ư Ͽ ִٴ ̴.
ι° Ư ̴.
츮 ' ſ δ' Ȥ ' δ'
'̴', '' Ǵ ƴϳ
Ѵ. ̷ ſ Ű
Ͽ ٰ μ Ư̶
Ѵ. ° ö 䰡 yogabhyasa Ͽ
¿ ٰϿ ſ ̷ 繰, Ȥ Ư¡ϰų
͵ ϴ Ư ִ.
䰡 yogaja ̴.
3)ö Ӽ 繰 Ͽ ϴ
jati 츮 Ͽ ΰ upadhi, ʴ
Ͱ Ѵ.
4 ߷
ö ι° ν μ ߷ anumana ִ.
߷п ̷ ö νķп ־ ߿
ġ ϰ ִ μ ö ߷ Ÿ缺 ȣϱ
Ͽ .
߷̶ 츮 ǥ¡ linga
ǥ¡ ֿ vyapti ִ ٸ
˰ Ǵ Ѵ. , '꿡
ִ. ֳϸ Ⱑ ֱ ̸; Ⱑ ִ
ֱ ̴' ̴. ǥ¡
縦 ߸ϰ Ǵ ̴. ߸ ־ Ҹ
, ǥ¡Ǵ
߸ linga, middle term ϸ, ߸ Ҹ 縦
ִ μ hetu θ.
츮 ȥڼ ߸ ϴ ں svartha-anumana
״ Ÿ μ, Ÿ Ͽ ߷
ϴ Ÿ parartha-anumana 쿡 ټ
߾ Ѵ(۹)
1 , -꿡 ִ.
2 , -Ⱑ ̴.
3 ?, -Ⱑ ִ;
Ʊ̿ó.
4 , - 꿡 Ⱑ .
5 , - 꿡 ִ.4)
̷ ߸ κ θ ʿ䵵 ,
'Ⱑ ִ' ̴. ֳϸ
̰ ȵǸ, ' 꿡 ִ' ߸
Ÿ缺 Ұ DZ ̴. 츮 ̹ íī Carvaka
ȸǷ ö ٷ Ƿ ߸ ν
Ƶ ʾҴٴ Ҵ. ö
4) Aristoteles 3ܷй 3, 峪, Nyaya
öп к . Ȥ Aristoteles 3 1
2 ̶ ִ.
Ͽ ߸ ٰſ ߸ ϰ ϴ ٿ
Ʋ ֿ踦 Ϸ õ Ѵ. 켱
öп ϴ ֿ
ϰ ʿ䰡 ִ.5) ֿ 繰 繰
ٸ 繰 Ͽ Ǵ ȣ踦 Ѵ.
ȴٴ 繰 ٸ 繰 Ͽ ݵȴٴ°
Ѵ. , ϹǷ ⸦
ϴ vyapaka̸ ҿ Ͽ Ǵ vyapya̴.
ݵ ҿ Ͽ Ͽ
ݵ Ǵ ƴϴ. , ҵ ö
Ⱑ ᰡ Ż Ⱑ ʴ´.
ȣ ǿ ϴ ̱ ̴.
̰ ֿ θ ʴ´. 繰
ٸ 繰 ϴ 츸
Ѵ. ̿ A B ݵ ϳ B A ݵ
ʴ A B 踦 εֿ
θ. ̿ Ͽ ڰ ݵ ϰ Ǵ
踦 ֿ Ѵ. ,
' ̸ ִ 繰 ִ 繰̴'
'̸ ִ ' ' ִ ' ֿ踦
̷ ִ ̴.
ٸ 츮 ֿ踦
ִ° ̴. Ұ ŷκ
Ǿ 鿡 ǰ ͳ߸ ٰϰ ִٰ ö
Ѵ. öп ͳ߸ 4
Ȥ Ѿ߸ Ѵ. ù° 翬 anvaya̴.
翬̶ A(:) ݵ B(:) ִٴ
ݰ踦 Ȯ ν ̴. °
5) ⼭ ֿ п ϴ
踦 Ÿ ƴ϶ 繰 繰 踦
Īϴ μ, ִ.
vyatireka̴. B ݵ A ٴ Ȯϴ
迡 ̴. ° ιݷ vyabhicaragraha̴.
A ִµ B 찡 ٴ Ȯϴ ̴.
ͳ߸ ° ֿ Ǽ upadhinirasa
Ȯϴ ̴. , Ұ 踦 ٰ
ȲϿ Ͽ Ⱑ ϴ
ʴ° Ȯϴ ̴.
̻ 4 ļ ͳ ̶
ǽ ִٴ ö
Ѵ. íī Carvaka ȸǴ ٷ ǽϴ
̴. A B ̿ ֿ谡
־ ̳ ̷ 谡 ȴٴ
ٴ ̴. ⼭ ö
Ͽ ͳ߸ ֿ vyapti Ÿ缺, ߷ anumana
Ÿ缺 ħϷ Ѵ. ù° tarka ̴.
ֿ踦 ո
Ͽ ֿ踦 Ϸ ̴. ,
'Ⱑ ִ' ֿ踦 Ѵٸ
Ⱑ ִٴ Ǹ ̰
ִٴ ո ǹǷ
һ ֿ Ǿ߸ Ѵٴ ̴. ֿ踦
ħϴ ٸ ϳ ̷ Ŀ ֱϴ Ư
ϳ samanyalaksana-pratyaksa ٰϰ ִ.
̷п ͳ ܼ ʵ
Ͽ ̸ Ϲȭ ƴ϶, 繰 saman-
yalaksana Ͽ 繰 ü ־ٴ
ǿ ̶ ̴. , Ұ
ֿ ü ⼺̶
ε Ұ 谡 ȴٴ
̴. ٽ ϸ ϹǷ Ⱑ
Ұ Ǿ ִٴ ̴. ̷ Ư
Ͽ ͳ ȴٰ Ѵ. ͳ ̶
ϴϱ ΰ ϴٰ ϴ ƴ϶,
繰 ϰ ִ ? Ͽ
ü κ Ϲ ߸ ̴.
̻ 츮 ö ߸ ̷ ߴ.
߷ Ѵ. 츮 ̹
ܰ߷ ͳ Ѵ ϰ ִ. ö
߷ ͳ ʰ ֿ vyapti
ݿ . ù° ̴ κ
ʴ ߸ϴ purvavat ߸̰, ° ̴
κ ʴ ߸ϴ sesavat߸̸,
° 谡 ΰ ߸̴.
߱ ߸ϴ Ͱ
츦 Ϲ ̼
analogical ߸ Ѵ.
5
´ ° ö upamana,
comparison̶ ִ. ̶ ̸ ̸
繰 踦 ˰ ϴ μ, ٺ
߿ ǰϰ ִ. ſ ̸
˰ ִ 繰 繰 翡 ǰϿ ˰ Ǵ°
̶ Ѵ. ұö
ȯŰ, а ·ö ߷п ȯŴν ϳ
ν ʴ´.
ö , Ȥ sabda, testimony
ν ִ. 'Sabda' Ҹ ̸ ö
νķп ַ ̳ ǹ̸ ν
ǹѴ. Ȥ
drstartha Ұ adrstartha
ϱ ϰ, Ȥ ֱ ̳Ŀ vaidikaΰ,
μ ٿ, ɼ ִ
ΰ laukika ϱ Ѵ. ·ö
ϳ ν ʰ
߷ Ѵ.
̶ ٸ ̳ ǹ̸ Կ
ϹǷ, ö ڿ ǹ̷п
. ǹ̿ , ̷
״ ̴. öп ϸ ̶ pada
迭ʿ Ѵٰ ϸ, ̶ ڵ
迭 ̶ Ѵ.
ǹ, װ Īϴ
Ǿ ־ ϳ ݵ ǹϰԲ
Ǿ ִٰ Ѵ. ö ư
ǹ ִ sakti, potency
ϰ ֱ ̶ Ѵ.
ñ ̸ ְ ſ ̶ Ѵ. ̷
Ͽ ö Ͽ ܼ
ȸ ôѴٴ ִ.
ǹ̰ װ Īϴ ִٰ ,
̶ Īϴ°, ƴϸ Ӽ jati ü Ű°
ȴ. ö ü Ͽ ̶
Īϵ Ӽ ϰ ִٰ
Ѵ. 츮 ϳ μ
Ī ִٰ Ѵ.6)
öп ϸ ̶ ǹ̸ յ
̴. ǹ̸ Կ ־ 4
Ѿ ȴٰ Ѵ. ù°
θ ϰų ʿ ϴ Ư akanksa Ѵ.
__________
6) ̹ Ͽ B.K.Matilal Epistemology, Logic,
and Grammar (The Hague: Mouton, 1971), pp. 62~77 .
, '' μ ''̶
ʿ ϴ ̴. ° ռ yogyata̴. ռ̶
ȿ ִ ̿ ־ ȵȴٴ ̴.
, 'ҷ þ' ǹ̸ ٴ ̴.
° samnidhi̴. ȿ ִ
ð Ȥ ־߸ ǹ̸
ִٴ ̴. ϴ ð
־ ǹ̸ ְ 忡
־ ϴ ̴. °, ̶
쿡 ٸ ϹǷ صǷ ѻ
tatparya ˷߸ Ѵٴ ̴. ΰ鿡
쿡 prakarana Ƽ ǵ
, ̸ MimamsaĿ ϴ ?
Ģ鿡 Ͽ ִٰ Ѵ. ̻ ǹ̷
Ͽ ö sabda Ÿ缺 ħϰ
ִ ̴. ̶ ǹ̸ ν
̱ ̴.
̻ Ÿ 鿡 Ͽ ö 質
ΰ̳ ſ ȴٰ Ѵ.
ؼ ö ·öа 뵿 ظ Ƿ
ΰ ſ ö ̻ ظ
Ѵ.
6 ھ, , Ż
öп ϴ ΰ ھ atman ξ jivatmanμ
ν, ǽ, , ϴ¹
ü̸, ̳ DZ manas̳ ٸ.
ھƴ ұöпó ϴ
帧 ֵ ٰ Ѵ. ֳϸ ٸ ̶
Ұϰ DZ ̴. ̷ Ÿöп
ֱϴ ó ھƴ ϴ svayamprakasaka
ǽ cit ƴ϶ Ѵ. ö ü
ʰ, ʴ ǽ 縦
Ѵ. ھƶ ǽ ü ƴ϶, ǽ̶ Ӽ
ִ ü̴. ھƴ ν ü, ü,
? bhoktr̸ ȸ 迡 ް Ǵ
̴. ھ ü ƹ νȰ ʴ´.
DZ manas 踦 ΰ ִ ѿ ν ̴.
ھ Ÿ Ͽ ˵ Ȥ ߷п
Ͽ ִٰ Ѵ. , ??, νĵ
￡ ϰ ̶ ̳ DZ̳
ױ ȥ 縦
ְ ִٴ ̴. ı öڵ ھư
DZٿ Ͽ ִٰ Ѵ. , DZ
ھƸ Ͽ ھǽ ִٴ ̴.
ڵ ̷ ھ ü
ɼ ϰ ھƴ
Ҿ ¸ üμ νĵȴٰ Ѵ. '
ȴ', ' ູϴ' Ǵܿ '' شϴ μ
νĵȴٴ ̴. Ÿ ھƴ Ȥ
ǵ ü κ ߸Ͽ ִٰ Ѵ. ֳϸ
̷ ǵ ü Ͽ Ͽ
ǽ ھư ־߸ ϱ ̴.
öп ־ Ż ̻ ھ ؿ
ȴ. öп ϴ Ż̶ κ ع
apavarga ǹϸ, ̰ ھư ƴ ͵,
κ ϴٰ Ѵ.
κ ع ھ Ƽ öп ϸ
Ӹ ƴ϶ ſ̳ ູ ʴ ̴.
ƹ ̳ ǽ ̴. ھƴ ü
ִ ƴϱ ̴. ı ö
Ż κ عӸ ƴ϶, ູ
ߴ. Ƹ Ÿö ֵȴ.
Ż Ͽ ٵ ھư ̳ ̳
DZٰ ٸ ˾ƾ ϸ, Ͽ
켱 ھƿ , ħ ￩ ϸ
sravana, װͿ Ͽ ؾ ϸ manana, 䰡
ؾ Ѵ nididhyasana. ھƿ ױߵ
mithya-jnana ھƴ 浿 踦
ʰ ǰ karma Ͽ Ƿ, ᱹ ȸ
迡 ٽ ¾ ٴ ̴.
ö ΰ ھƿܿ â ı
ְ Ǵ 縦 Ѵ.7) 踦 âϰų
ڱڽκ ϴ 簡 ƴ϶, ̹ ϰ ִ
ڵ, , ð, , DZٵ
ְ ǹִ ϰ ϴ ̴.
upadana-karana ƴ϶ ɵ nimitta-karana
̴. ״ 踦 ʿ䰡 ıϱ
ϴ ̴. ϰ ϸ ̴. ״
ǽ ǽ ƴ϶ Ӽ̶
. Ÿö ؿ ٺ ̸ ̰ ִ.
ɵμ ü Ѵ.
ΰ ο εϿ
Ͽ ̴. ΰ ڱ ɵ instrumental
cause̳ ΰ ɵ prayojaka-kartr̴.
öڵ ̷ 翡 ؼ
ħϰ ִ. 翡
̴. karyaμ Ǵ âڰ ִ.
߰ߵǴ ȭ ɵ
__________
7) .·ö ʱ Ȯ ġ
ʰ ı ͼ и ŷ .
μ 縦 ʿ Ѵ. ڵ ٺ ̰
ʴ ͵̳, ڵ鿡 ϸ
Ѵ. ʷ ǹϵ ϴ
ڴ ̴. ?
Ǵ ڷμ ٴ 縦 ϰ ִ.
츮 κ Ұ߷̶ Ҹ Ű
ȴ. Ұ߷ ü ῩǾ Ƿ ְ
ε ־߸ 츮 װͿ
մ ŵΰ ȴٴ ̴.
*
Bhattacharya, G., Studies in Nyaya-Vaisesika Theism.
Bulcke, C. The Theism of Nyaya-Vaisesika. Calcutta, 1947.
Chatterjee, S.C., Nyaya Theory of Knowledge. 2nd ed. Calcutta,1950.
Chemparathy, G., An Indian Rational Theology: Introduction to
Udayana's Nyayakusumanjali. Vienna, 1972.
Cowell, E.B., trans., Udayana's Kusumanjali, with the Commentary
of Hari Dasa Bhattacarya. Calcutta, 1864.
Ingalls, D.H.H., Materials for the Study of Navya-Nyaya. Harvard
Oriental Series, Vol. 40. Cambridge, 1951.
Jacobi, H., "Indische Logik," Nachrichten der Gottinger Gesellschaft
der Wissenschaften. Gottingen, 1901.
Jha, G., trans., The Nyaya-Sutras of Gautama with Vatsyayana's
Bhasya and Uddyotakara's Varttika. Indian Thought Series 7,9,12.
poona, 1939.
_____, trans, The Tarkabhasa (by Kesavamisra), or Exposition of
Reasoning. Poona, 1924.
Keith, A.B., Indian Logic and Atomism. Oxford, 1921.
Matilal, B.K., Nyaya-Vaisesika. Wiesbaden, 1977.
Matilal, B.K., Epistemology, Logic, and Grammar in Indian Philo-
sophical Analysis. The Hague, Paris, 1971.
Potter, K.H., ed., Indian Metaphysics and Epistemology. Princeton,
1977.
Randle, H.N., Indian Logic in the Early Schools. Oxford, 1930.
Ruben, W., Zur Indischen Erkenntnis Theorie: Die Lehre von der
Wahrnehmung nach den Nyayasutras. Leipzing. 1926.
_____, trans., Die Nyaya-Sutras. Leipzing, 1928.
Sastri, S.K., A Primer of Indian Logic according to Annambhatta's
Tarkasamgraha. Madras, 1932.
Spitzer, M., Begriffsuntersuchungen zum Nyaya-bhasya. Kiel, 1926.
Vidhyabhusana, S.C., A History of Indian Logic. Calcutta, 1921.
_____, trans., The Nyaya Sutras of Gotama. Allahabad, 1930.
10 ºұ
1 ºұ
ºұ Mahayana Ͽ Һи
ִ. ºұ ô , ºҷ
ҽ Hinayana ĺұ , ºұ
⺻ ڵ
ǰ ִ.
± 2 Ĺݿ Kusanaκ ѿ ó?
° ߿ 'ݾ̰' '' 'ݾ߰' ''
ߴ. ̷ 츮 ºұ
ǰ ־ Ȯ ִ. ̵
DZ ð ϸ ºұ ݱ
1 ұ ̴. ݾ߰ ߿
ݾ߰(ǰݾ) Astasahasrika-prajnapa-
ramita-sutra '?? Mahayana'̶ ,
?? Aksobhya Euddha žӵ Ÿ ִ. ó?
'?̰' ?? Amitabha Buddha žӵ
߰ߵȴ. ̷ ǵκ ̷ 츮 ?
žӰ ݾ prajna ϴ ºұ
± Ŀ ̹ ȮǾ ־ ִ ̴.
' Mahayana'̶ 'ū ' μ ºұ
ħ ? ִ ū ٴ
̴. ݸ鿡 ºұ ڵ ұ
?' ' ' ҷ װ Ⱑ¸ ַ
ұ ߴ. ºұڵ ̳ Ʒ
Ȱ Ⱑµ , ŵ
翡 ұϰ ڱ ڽŵ鸸 ȸ ϴ
ұ̰ ?? ݹϿ,
ǥ ο ұ â ̴.
? ڽ Ŀ ε 濡 ϸ鼭
úұ Ⱑµ鵵
ƴٴϸ ȭȰ . ٷ ̷ Ȱ ұ
ٿ ū Ȱ ߴ ̴. · samgha Ȱ
ȭǰ 㿡 Ⱑµ
簡 κ ־ Ǿ.
ϸ ? ?? ? ߱ϴ ? Ȱ
ϴ 簡 鿡 dana ϰ
punya ؾ߸ ߴ ̴.
punya ؾ߸ ߴ ̴.
Ȱ Ͽ ߴ
abhidharma ұ ѰӰ ŷο ̷ ϻ ʿ
簡ڵ ӿ 屸κ ǰ ̴.
ºұ ̷ Ȳ 簡ڵ
Ͼ ̴. ºұڵ ڽ ͻӸ ƴ϶
迡 ް ִ ͵ǰ ϴ
Ÿ ϴ ൿ ұ âϰ Դ. ̷
̻ ǥ ִ ?? ̴.
?? ??? bodhisattva ̸ ??? ?μ
? bodhi, ߱ϴ sattva, Ȥ '
ϴ ' ̴. ºұ ϴ
ο ̻ ΰμ ҽ ̻ ? arhat
ڱ ̱ ôѴ. ڽ
ռ Ѵٴ ڹ karuna pranidhana
?? ߱ ʰ 迡 ¾⸦
Ѵ. ?? 簡ڳ Ⱑڸ ϰ ?? ϰ
bodhicittotpada ں ڴ õ ִ
̾. ҽºұ ʰ ƶѰ 簡Ȱ
Ⱑڷμ ؾ߸ ߴ.
鿡 '' ' 簡ڵ̾.
߿ Ⱑ 쵵 Ⱑ̶
ݵ 250 ô pratimoksa · Ͽ Ǵ
ƴϾ. Ȱδ 簡 ãƿ
? ̳ ǰ ž̾. sila
ܻȰ ϴ vinaya Ͱ δ.
ҽºұ ̶ ξٵ Ϻ
縦 ǹ Ͽ ̾߱
ǰ Ǿ. ҽ° Jataka ٷ ̷
Ÿ 鿡 ̾߱⸦
̴. ҽºұ ̶ ϺҰ
Ư ִ ̵ ̵
μ ̻
Ұߴ ̴. ̿ Ͽ ºұڵ ٷ ̷
̻ ȭϿ ֱ ִ
ñ ǥ ٸƴ Ϻ ̷ߴ Ͱ
ü ̴. Ƹ Ϻ ?̳
츮 簡ڵ ڽ ߱ϴ ̻ ̹
ݿ ̴.
۾ƾ ϴ ڿ ҽ°
ijд paramita, 6 'ϼ' Ȥ '?'
۴´.1) dana, Ư sila, ? ksanti, virya,
__________
1) 'Paramita' ܾ 'parama(ֻ, )'̶
parami+ta ؼDZ ϸ Ȥ param(?? )+i(ٴ
)+taμ صDZ Ѵ. ѿ δ ڸ Դ.
'?', '', ƴϸ 'dz'̶ Ǿ.
? dhyana, prajna̴. Ķд ҽ 鿡
̹ ߰ߵȴ. '??ҷ' ijдټ ϰ
濡 ijдٸ ϰ ִ. ijдٸ
Ͽ Ȯ ºұڵ鿡 ؼ.
ijд ߿ Ư ָ dana ̴.
ö ҽºұ ַ 簡ڵ Ⱑµ鿡 ϴ
ǹ ºұ װ ڽ
õؾ ù° ̴.
ݾijдٷμ ¿ ݾ prajna ַ '',
ü ݴ ǹ . ̷
ٰϿ ټ Ķдٵ ùٸ ۾ ִٰ Ѵ.
ºұ ݾĶдٸ
̴.
ºұ ϳ Ư¡ 쿡 ž̴. ºұ
ϸ Ӹ ƴ϶ ɹ漼
Ƽ Ȱϰ ִٰ Ѵ. θ Ͽ
ʰ 迡 ϴ
Ͽ Ȱϰ ִٴ ̴. ҽºұ Ż̶
ڱ ϴ Ÿ
ž ҿ ̾. ºұ
ں ϱ Ǹ Ѿ ž
ұ ư ̴. Avalokitexvara, 뼼
Mahasthamaprapta, Manjusri, Samantabhadra
̷ ž Ǿ ǥ ̴.
ºұ һ ־ ū ȭ ʷߴ. ̶
ϹȭǾ һ 䵵 ϹȭǾ ＼ʹ濡
һ簡 Ѵٰ ϴ´. ҽºұ һ ϸ
ٵ Ϻ ǹߴ. ҽºұ
ĥ Ȥ ̽ʿ, ̷ ?? Maitreya Buddha
ƴϳ, ¿ó Ϲȭ
ʾҴ. Ӹ ƴ϶ ҽ¿ ҵ ݿ
ʹ ƹ ʴ صǴ
ݸ鿡, ¿ 濡 Բ
縦 ̷ ű⼭ Ȱϰ ִ ֵȴ.
ұ ̷ һ ȭ عħϱ Ͽ
һ ż trikaya ߴ. һ翡 3 Ѵٴ
̴. ù° ȭ Ȥ nirmanakayaμ ȭ
¾ һ縦 ǹѴ. °
sambhogakayaμ Ͽ μ
ڿ Ѵ. ?һ Amitabha Buddha
̴. ° dharmakayaμ ̴
ʿϸ ٰŰ Ǵ ü
Ѵ.
Ұ 鿡 žӰ Ҿ ڿ ֵ
ȭϿ Ϸ Ǿ һ
۵ǰ Ǿ. Ư ߾ε Mathura
ε ٶ Gandhara ̷ һ ߽.
ٶ һ Ż鿡 ߰ߵǴ
ǥϰ ־ ˷ ķκ 濡
ߴ ȭ ֵǰ ִ.
ºұ ڵ 䱸 Ͽ
̿ܿ һ ̳ ǰ ž stupa ̿,
°? 赵 ߴ. 簡ڵμ
ϱ ɿ ? ž ȿ ġϰ
ع ̴. ̿ Ҿ ? , ,
ٸ ͺ punya Ǿ.
̰ ̳ ȣ鸸 ִ Ž Ǹ̳
Ϳ ϸ ū ڶ
ִ μ,ºұ Ͼ ٽÿ Ȯ
ȸ ִ ҽ±ܿ
ȸ ݿϴ ε ִ.
ºұ ̻ ž Ͽ
ڱڽŸ ʰ
Ͽ Ѱ شٴ ȸ parinamana ൵
ߴ. ̰ Ģ
ظ Ѿ μ ºұ ϴ ڹ
ǥ ̴. Ƿ ̻
ұ ϸ ξ äӰ dzϸ,
ǥϸ ҽºұó ܷ
̴.
2 °
ºұ ڵ ڿ ̻
ϰ Ǿ. °鵵 Ļδ 'Ҽ Buddha-
vacana' Ǿ Ϻ κ
̶ ƴ. ºұڵ
ʿ Ÿ Ÿٰ Ͼ
̷ 濡 'Ҽ'̶ θ ִ ̴. ºұ 忡
ϸ Ÿ ħ ϳ ̳ ekayana
(Ͻ) ó ɷ¿ ٸ ߴٴ
̴. ° ٱ
ֵǰ ִ ̴.
° ü ̱ ִ.
± 1 л Nagarjuna
̴. Ȯ 뷫 2 Ĺݿ
3 (150~250A.D.) ι ȴ. °
'' Ͽ ۵
ټ ° οϰ ֱ ̴. E
° οߴٰ Ͽ
ο Ȯ μ ֵǾ ̴.
° ֿ 캸 Ѵ.
1 '빫 Sukhavativyuha-sutra'
? Amitabha (Amitayus) Buddha ž .
ž ջ ž ǥ ǥμ ºұ
ڵ ó Ǿ Դ. '' 'Amitayus'
' '̶ ̰, '빫'2)
'Sukhavativyuha' 'ض '̶ ̴. ''
? Dharmakara̶ Ͽ 48 ??
Ⱓ Ͽ 濡 ִ
۶sukhavati 並 ̷ٴ ڷ ϰ ִ.
濡 ߿ 48 ??μ ̵ 庸
ϰ ϴ ű ¾ ִ
ǵ ϰ ִ. Ư 'Ƶ ʹ
ɽŶ Ʊ ʳ ߺһ '̶Ͽ
信 ջ ִ ϰ ִ.3)
ž
ں Ծ ȥŹ ġ ˿
Ȥ ȶ ջϿ ű⼭ ϰ ϴ
ºұڵ ǥ ̴.
2 ݾijд Prajnaparamita
ݾ߰ 濡 ?(32 ) ª
ִ. ߿ ƴٰ ֵǴ
'Ȱݾ Astasahasrika'(ǰݾ)̸ ̰ ȮǾ 25,000?
'ǰݾ' Ǿ '' ٷ ǰݾ'
̴ֿ. ܿ 18,000?,100,000? ͵ ־
ª δ 'ݰݾijдٰ Vajracchedika-prajna-
paramita-sutra' 500?, 'ݾ߽ɰ Prajnaparamita-hrdaya-sutra'
300? ִ.
__________
2) '빫' '?' '' Ҿ
ǰμ ΰ̶ Ҹ.
3) 'ż뼼' Vol. 12,, p.268a. ̿ ̰ ִ.
Max Muller, trans., The Larger Sukhavati-vyuha, Buddhist Mahayana
Tests, The Sacred Books of the East, Vol. XLIX, p.15 .
ݾ߰ ֿ μ ڼ svabhava
Ͽ ̰ ǻ̶ ̴. ̰ ҽºұ, Ư
üο üϴ ϴ μ
ºұ ٺ ̷ ̴. ݴ
ݾ, prajna̸, ̷ Ͽ
쵵 õϴ ̴. ǰ 'ݰ'
'̻'̶ ǥϰ ִ. ϰ
, һ , ϴ ڿ
, ⼼, ?? ,
һ ƴ϶ ݾ߰ ŵ ϰ ִ.
3 'Ҽ Vimalakirtinirdesa-sutra'
Ͽ '' ӻȸ
簡ұ ̻ ģ. ΰ
Vimalakirti̶ Żμ ״ ־ һ ٸ Ⱑ
ڵ麸ٵ ξ پ ״ ־ һ ٸ Ⱑ
ڵ麸ٵ ξ پ ϰ ϰ, ϴ
ħ ش. 븳 ʿ
advayatva μ Ұϰ ǥ
ٴ ǰ ִ. ƽ
ִ ̷ο ̴.
4 'ȭ Saddharmapundarika-sutra()'
'' ̻ ҽ¿ 븳 ϰ ִ
ݸ鿡, 'ȭ' ̷ 븳 ظ ʿϿ һ
ᱹ ȭ upaya ʰ,
Sravaka, 찢 Pratyekabuddha, Bodhisattva ᱹ
Ͻ ekayanaȤ Ϻҽ¿ ͰѴٴ ºұ
ϰ ִ. Ϻҽ¿ Ͽ ϴ ̴.
һ ־ 'ȭ' һ簡 Ͽ Ⱑϰ
Ը ȭ ʰ һ
Ұ̰ ? ̷ ̶
Ѵ. 'ȭ' ̻ ϰ
ġ ̴. žžӰ ǽžӵ
濡 ϰ Ÿ ִ.
5 ȭ
'ȭ' ѿ 40Ǻ, 60Ǻ, 80Ǻ
߱ 5 ??糪 Buddhabhadra Ͽ
60Ǻ 'Ȯȭ Mahavaipulya-buddha-avatainsaka-sutra'
θ Ǿ Դ. 'ȭ' ſ μ
Ǵ ̷ ִ.
'ȭ' μ 'ǰ' ϱ
Ͽ ij ۾ư ܰ
Ͽ ϰ ִ.4) ܰμ , , ȸ
ϰ ִ. 'Թǰ'
Sudhana μ ǰְ ִ. ''
DZ Ͽ ϴ ϴ μ
絿ڴ ȸ 谢 Ȱϰ ִ 53
ãƴٴϸ ?? 踦 Ѵ.
'ǰ' '' Ͻ ηϺ ǽ'̶
ɻ citta-matrata ϴ ߰ߵȴ. ̰
ηϺ , VIJNANA, CITTA ߽ϴ
μ Ļ ߴ ־.
__________
4)ij ijп , , , ij ̴.
*
Conze E., trans., The Perfection of Wisdom in Eight Thousand
Lines and its Verse Summary. Bolinas, 1973.
_____, Buddhist Wisdom Books: The Diamond Sutra and the Heart
Sutra. London, 1958.
Cowell, E.B., M. Muller, & J. Takadusu, trans., Buddhist Mahayana
Texts. SBE, Vol. XLIX Oxford, 1894.
Dutt, M.N., Aspects of the Mahayana Buddhism and its Relation to
Hinayana. London, 1930.
Kern, H., trans., The Saddharmapundarika or the Lotus of the True
Law, SBE, Vol. XXI, Oxford, 1884.
Lamotte, E., trans., L'Enseignement de Vimalakirti. Louvain, 1962.
Thurman, R.A.F., trans., The Holy Teaching of Vimalakirti. Uni-
versity Park and London, 1976.
Walleser, M., Prajnaparanita: Die Vollkommenheit der Erkenntnis.
Gottingen, 1914.
11 ߰ö
1 ߰ö
ºұ ó ҽºұ
̿ ݹϿ Ͼ
̾, ð Կ ºұ ڿ ö ڽ
ϰ ȣ ʿ信 ߴ ̴. Ͽ ҽºұ
sastra ̴. м ߿
ְ л ߾ӵǾ
Nagarjuna ͵̴. ± 2-3 ι
Ǹ ε ұ Ӹ ƴ϶
ܵ Ͽ ̿ ߳ ص ϰ
ִ. ÿ ʱ °, ݾ߰,
'ȭ', 'ȭ', ݰ ´ ƴϰ
̹ Ǿ ǰ ־ 츮 Ͽ
, ̵ ؼϴ
̴. , ö ߿ ͵ ϸ
.
1) ݾ߰ Ͽ ױߵ ص
ϴ μ, '߷ Mulamadhyamaka-karika', '̹
Dvadasanikaya-sastra', 'ĥʷ Sunyatasaptati'
2) ܵ ϴ 'ȸ Vigraha-vyavar-
tani'
3) 'ǰݾ' ֿμ,
̴ ''
4) 'ȭ' 'ǰ' ֿ 'ֺļҷ' ȭ
ɻ ϴ '̽ʷ' ִ.
̻ ִ ,
̾ ܼ ݾ߰ ƴϴ.
ö ־
'߷' ߽ Ͽ ߰ö ϰ ̴.
ڷμ ? Aryadeva ־ ' Catuhsataka'
ߴ. '' '߷' '̹' Բ ߱
⺻ ̷. 350濡 û Pingala
̶ ڰ ͼ '߷' ּ , ?? Kumarajiva
Ͽ ѿǾ ߱ұ ū ƴ. 4ʹ
ö εұ dzԿ ߰ö ڿ ö
ڵ鿡 Ͽ Ǿ. 6 ȣ Buddhapalita û
Bhavaviveka ͼ '߷' ּ , '߷' ؼ
̸ ߰ ַ ϰ Ǿ. ȣ
Ī Candrakirti ͼ '? Prasannapada'̶ '߷'
ּ ߰ö Թ '߷ Mudhyamakavatara' Ἥ
Ƽұ ϰ Ǿ. û 'ݾ Prajnapradipa'
̶ '߷' ּ ״ ǽ ö ȣ
Dharmapala ļ Ͽ ߰ 븳
ȭ״. ȣ ߰ĸ ī PrasangikaĶ θ,
ڱ ʰ ظ
ϴ ϴ ݸ鿡, û
߰ĸ źƮī Svatantrika θ, ڱ
õϴ ϰ ִ. û 7
Jnanaprabha ?öп Ͽ ϱ
Ͽ һ ħ ÷ ߴ.
ҽ 缺? Ͽ ɰ汸, ?Ĵ ļ
Ͽ , ߰ö ġ Ͽ
ɰ汸 Ѵٴ ̴.
2 ߷ ö
'߷' Ÿ ϱ Ͽ 츮 '߷'
'' ʿ䰡 ִ. 츮 ̹ ҽ
һ ڽ ΰ翡 ڱ ظ ߵ
ϰ ִ Ҵ. ״ ΰ Һ
̻ 簡 ִٰ ϴ 嵵 ź, ÿ
ΰ Ҿ η ưٴ 嵵 źߴ.
'߷' '' ̿ Ÿ ⺻ ȮϿ
ü Ը ϴ ̴.
ϴ ڼ svabhava ̴.
ƴϸ, ٸ ڼ ϰ
ִ ǻ ִ ״ ǥϴ ̴.
̶ .̸ ߵ madhyama pratipad ̴. .
̶ 縦 ǥϴ
Ÿ ̿, ߵ ǥϴ ̴.
Ͽ .̸, ߵ ΰ?
̰ ִ '߷'
̴: 'ηϼһ' 'Ƽð', '', 'ߵ'.
ηϿ ڻ ϴٴ
̴. pratityasamutpada ٰ ̴.
E ߱⼳ ҽºұ, Ư οó 縦 ϴ
ϰ ΰ踦 ϴ θ
ʾҴ. ⼳ ö ǹ̴ 踦
̸ ̱ ϴ
ڼ Ῡϰ ִ ڼ nihsvabhava, sunyata̶
̴. ϴ ǻ ˸, ƹ͵
ƴ ƴ϶ ״, ִ
̸ ϴ ̴. 'ݾ߽ɰ' 'ð'
̿, 'û' ̴. ̰ prajnapti̶ θ.
'' û', Ȥ '' 谡 ӿ
ұϰ ȴٴ μ, ̶ ڼ
Ῡ ̸ ϴ
ǹϴ ̴. ƴϰ ƴ ߵ ̴.
̶ 踦
ϴ Ͽ ߿
̶ ̴. ̷ ߳
ظ ŸϿ, ִ ״ Ÿ
̴. Ÿ ü ٸƴ ̴.
ϸ
ϴ 츮 ȸ ϰ ִ
ݰ 踦 ִ Ѵ. 츮 ϴ
繰 ϴ ϰ , 츮
ϻ Ű Ͽ 踦 繰 ǰ
ϴ ó δٴ ̴. ġ Ȱ
ٱ谡 Ȱ ִٰ
ϴ Ͱ ̴. '߷' ʵο
츮 ϻ ϰ ִ . . . . . . .
мϸ 츮
Ӹӿ س vikalpaμ prapanca
Ѵ. ⼭ ַ ϰ ִ
? μ ϳϳ Ͽ
װ͵ ᱹ ̰ ̰ ո 巯
? prasanga, reductio ad absurdum̴. ̷
ϸ 츮 繰
ϴ ̴. '' ϳ
мνᵵ εöп ǵǰ ִ
̻ ΰ ñ ո ϰ ִ.
, һ, Ҹ, Ҵ, һ, , , ҷ,
(Ⱥ)̸ Ÿ缺 Ҿ Ǵ
̴. ְϰ ̴.
ٰ ϻ Ÿ缺 ϴ
ƴϴ. ⼭ 츮 ? ϰ ȴ.
ϸ 츮 繰
ִٰ Ѵ. ? paramartha-satya
? samvrtti-satya ȴٴ ̴. ? 繰 ִ ״
ݾ prajna(wlgP) μ ʿ
ϴ ̸, ?
μ samvrtti Ѵ. ̷
ϻ Ѵٴ ʴ´. ƴ
忡 ö ٸƴ
? ܰ迡 ̷ ̴. ϱ⸦ ?
? ٰ Ѵ. һ ַ
縮 ϻ 鿡 ٰϿ ̷ ñ
ǥ ʿϴ° Ÿ ̴.
ֱ ? ݱ ? ʿ ϴ ̴.
Ӹ ƴ϶ 츮 ̹ ٿ ? ̶
ü 踦 ǹϱ ᱹ
? ? ο Ȱ뿡
ʴ ̴. ? ? ü ϳ
ñ 븳 ǹϴ ƴϴ.
? 븳 advaya
μ , , ̿ , һ, ?
? Ǹ ҵ anupalabdhi
̴. ÿ ״
ִ ̱ ϴ. ٷ 迡
Ͽ ? Ǹϰ '߷' ö ϴ ̴.
*
de Jong, J.W., trans., Cinq Chapitres de la Prasannapada. Paris,
1949.
La Vallee-Poussin, L. de, trans., "Madhyamakavatara," Museon 8-12
(1907ff).
Lamotte, E., trans., Le Traite de la grande vertue de sagesse. 2
vols. Louvain, 1944, 1949.
May, J., trans., Prasannapada Madhyamakavrtti. Paris, 1959.
Murti, T.R.V., Central Philosophy of Buddhism. London, 1955.
Ramanan, K.V., Nagarjuna's Philosophy as presented in the Maha-
prajnaparamita-sastra. Vermont & Tokyo, 1966.
Robinson, R., Early Madhyamika in India and China. Madison,
Wisconsin, 1968.
Schayer, St., trans, Ausgewahlte Kapital aus der Prasannapada.
Cracovie, 1931.
Sprung, M., trans., Lucid Exposition of the Middle Way: The Essen-
tial Chapters from the Prasannapada of Candrakirti. Boulder,
1979.
_____, ed., The Problem of two Truths in Buddhism and Vedanta.
Dortrecht, Holland, 1973.
Streng, F., Emptiness: A Study in Religious Meaning. Nashville,
Tennessee, 1967.
Stcherbatsky, Th., The Conception of Buddhist Nirvana. Leningrad,
1927.
Walleser, M., Trans, Die Mittlere Lehre des Nagarjuna. Heidelberg,
1911, 1912.
Ⱑ 'Ī߷п' 1,2.
_____, '߰ұ?'
_____, 'ݾ'
_____, ' '
ú, 'ٺ?' 'ߵ???ߴ'
, 'εöп'
12 ı°
1
ұ ٶ μ ߴٰ
ִ. ٸ ĵ ұ ռ Ȱ
Ͽ, ٸ δ Ƽī īϽī
ֵ Ծ ε ϰ Ǿ.
ұϰ ұ ٶ ߴ.
ұ ̹ εε Ȱ ӿ Ȯ ġ ϰ
ִ 縦 źν
̴ ֵǾ ̴. ұ ٶ
ȸ Ư ʾ ƴ϶,
缺 ܰ varna-asrama ߽
ȸ, 'ٸ dharma' ü迡
Ϲ 簡ڵ Ȱ ٶ 뿡 Ͽ
̴. Ƽī Asoka 츮 Maurya
Sunga ұ ϰ ٶ
״. ̹ Kusana
ұ Ϻε ʿ ε
Ÿϳ Satavahana, (Andhra) Ͼ ٶ
ȣϴ å . Ÿϳ
3ʹ ұ Ͽ ε ұ
븳 ġ ȥ . 320濡
Ÿ Candragupta1 Ÿ Gupta 繫
Ÿ Samudragupta(330 ) ε ν
츮 Maurya 500⸸ μ ϱ ٽ
ϰ Ǿ. Ÿ 6 ħԵ
ϱ ȸ ؿ й 鿡
ȭ Ǽߴ. δ ٶ
Ǿ ٶ εȸ ϰ Ǿ.
Ÿ ٽŰ ſ žӵ θ
ε Ŵܵ Ǿ. ٶ鿡
Ͽ Ǿ 꽺ũƮ Sanskrit ȭ ε
Ǿ 꽺ũƮ ǰ
Ǿ. ε ͽǾ Ҹ Įٻ Kalidasa
ε Ÿ ʱ Ȱ ̴. ̷ ȭ ȯ
ӿ ٶ öĵ , õ
꽺ũƮμ ü ϰ ̴. Ƿ
ñ εȭ Ȳݱ ִ.
Ÿ ٶ Ͽ ұ й
ƴϴ. Ÿ 뼺 ұ
־. ̿ Ծ 5ʿ ұ
Nalanda
ķκ ұп ߽ ̴.
鿡 ־ ұ ڿ ̷ ġ ȭ
ٶ п Ͽ ü ö
꽺ũƮ ϰ Ǿ. ̵ 뿡 ־
ٶ ްų װͿ Ͽ ȣ ;
ϴ Ǿ ÿ ٶ ö ũ
ڱؽŰ ߴ.
ñ Ÿ ° ߿ ͵ ٸ 켱
... ϸ Żָ ϴ '?ݰ',
ΰԴ ɼ ٰŷμ
?̶ ڼû ִٴ ϴ '" Srimalasutra'̳
'?', ö ٺμ ??
ϴ 'ؽɹа samdhinirmocana-sutra', ?
Ϸ?Ļ ȭ ?ϱ⼳ Ų '?
Lankavatara-sutra' ֵ. ̵ ı °
ģ Vasubandhu ̸ 3-5ʿ ļ
μ ַ ? tathagatagarbhaȤ Ҽ
Ļ vijnapti-matrata ϰ ִ. ݾ̳߰
߰ö Ƶ̸鼭, 翡 ٹ
Ͽ ̳ ֺҸ 翡 ϸ ΰ ־
ִ ǰ Ͽ Ĵϻ
ٶ ϰ ִ ̴. Ӹ ƴ϶
Ƽ anatman Ű鼭 ȸ üμ Ϸ? alaya-
vijnana̶ 縦 Ͽ ΰ Ӽ ϸ
Ϸ ߴ. ̷ ο ö
Ű ȭ Yogacara öڵμ,
?? Maitreyanatha, Asanga, ģ Vasubandhu
± ġ ̷. 켱 ö ϱ
ñ ڼ .
2 Ļ
1 'ؽɹа Samdhinirmocana-sutra'
߿ ̴. 'ؽɹа'
ſ ṵ̈ ̷ μ ̶⺸ٴ
̴. Ƽ
ѿμ ?(514) 忪(647)
ִ. '?ǰ' ݾ߰ ݾ Ͽ
?, ? paramartha-satya ټ ϰ ִ. ?
̻ , , ?縦
ʿϴ , ̼ ʿ , ϴ Ϲ̻
ִٰ Ѵ. 'ǰ' 'ڼǰ'
Ͽ ǻ trilaksana ﹫ڼ
̷ ϰ ִ. ̶ vyavahara
prajnapti Ī ϰ ϴ
parikalpita-laksana, ϱ ִ Ͱ ̷Ͽ
Ͽ ϴ Ÿ paratantra-laksana,
ǻ parinispanna-laksana Ѵ.
﹫ڼ̶ شϴ μ ڼ
svabhava ٴ ڼ, Ÿ; Ͽ ϴ
ڼ ٴ ڼ, ڼ̶
ǹڼ Ѵ.
̻ ̷ , 蹫ڼ
鿡 ͻ̴. 'ؽɹа' ̷
ڼ ٰ Ͽ θ һ ħ
巯 nitartha ϰ ݾ̳߰ ҽ° ҷ
neyartha . 'ؽɹа' һ (")
ð ־ Ѵ. ù° ? Ͽ
? Ͽ, ι° ¿ ư Ͽ
ڼ ٰϿ ? , ° ¿
ư ڸ Ͽ ڼ ǰϸ鼭
ߴٴ ̴. ̶ ݾ߰
ǻ θ ʰ ̸鿡 ִ
巯´ٴ ǹѴ. 'ؽɹа' ǰ
ϴ ̿ ٰϿ ҽ° ߰
ġ ö ǿ ϴ ̴.
μ 'ؽɹа' Ǵ ̷ ̳
﹫ڼ ̷лӸ ƴ϶ 'ǽĻǰ'̳ 'кǰ'
Ÿ ִ vijnana ̷п ߰ߵȴ. 'ǽĻǰ'
ڽμ Ʒ? alayavijnana̶ θ.
ִ Ͽ ȯ 谡
ȴٴ ̴. ڸ Ưϰ ְ 츮
ϰ ֱ Ư adanavijnana̶
θ. ̷ 츮 ϻ 踦 ƶ
μ ƶ߽ķϱ⼳̶ Ѵ. 'ؽɹа'
ƶ߽ļ ,
缺 ϴ ̷а иϰ Ǿ ʰ,
Ͽ 踦 ϴ ϱ ٷ
ִ. ƶ߽ ٵ ҽºұöп
Ǿ ȸ ü
μ ϰ ̴.
'ǽ' 'ǽ mano vijnana' Ͽ
кۿ ϴ μ ö Ƚļ Ŀ
شѴ. 'ؽɹа' ĥ ? manas
߰ߵ ʴ´.
'ؽɹа' и ִ
'к?ǰ'μ ̸ Ÿ Ÿ
Ѵ. ︶ samadhi() ????
vipasyana() Ÿ ɰ ٸ .
ֳϸ Ļ̹Ƿ vijnapti-matra; ideation-only
vijnana ҷ alambana() Ŀ Ͽ Ÿ ͻ̴.
̿ ٸ ٸ ᱹ °Ϳ
ʴ ̴. ġ ſ￡ ߰
ٰ ̶ ִ ƴ
Ѵ. ̻ Ŀ 츮
ִ Ļ , 䰡 yoga
ü迡 ϰ ִٴ ̴. ö
yogacara ö̶ θ ̴.
2 '? Abhidharma-sutra'
İ μ ߿ ̾
ٸ ؼ ˼ ִ. Ư '?·'
'?ǰ' ؼ ̶ Ѵ.
ʱ Ȯ . ü ֵ
ſ ṵ̈ ̾ ִ.
3
ı° Ļ ϴ Ҿ
ϳ η ϰ ִ tathagatagarbha
߽ ϴ ̴. ٺ
Ͽ ϸ ִٴ μ,
̷ ҽ° ̹ ãƺ ִ.
Ư 츮 ̹ ߺδ ̰ ϳ ٺ
̴. ̷ ºұ Ͽ µǰ
Ǿ ''ݰ' ° '?һ'̶
Ҽ Ÿ ̴. ̿
帧 μ ?
ȭϰ Ų ̴. ''̶
'tathagatagarbha', ' ?' μ
ȿ Ű ? ٴ ̴. ̷ з
ǹ̰ ߿ ȮǾ ؼ Ǿ. 'Ҽ'
'' 信 ִٰ Ѵ.
? ? ? Ѵ. ?
Ͽ ?ȴٴ ̰, ?
߾٤ ''μ ӿ
ִٴ Ͽ, ?
?ϰ ִٴ ̴. 츮
ַ ι° °
ǹ̷μ ϰ ù°
ϳ ؼ ֵǾ ̴.
1 ''
''̴. ȿ ϰ
ִ tathagatagarbha̶ Ѵ.
ο ִ ο ڱ
m ½ϰ ִ ٰ Ѵ. ̿Ͱ
ϴ κ عǾ
ȴٰ Ѵ. ȿ ִ '',
'', '', ' ', '', '', ''
̸ θ. ̿ ϰ ִ
'õ ȭ ', ' ̹', õ
ڰ ? ' 9 ϰ ִ.
ΰ ɼ
Ͽ ְ ִ ̴.
2 'Ұ'
ֿ 谡 ̸
ٴ ̴. ,
̰ ̴.
ο ִ ̶ θ, ָ
? ̶ θ,
θٰ Ѵ. ''
Ͻϴ ݸ鿡 'Ұ' ,
( dhatu) Ͻϰ ִ. ''
Ѵٴ ̶⺸ٴ ?,
صǴ ̴.
3 '¸'
ΰ ¸ Srimalaμ '' 簡ұ
ǥ ̴. '¸' Ͽ ο
̶ θٰ Ѵ. Ⱦϰ
ϴ ?̶ Ѵ. 忡 Ұ
ϰ ִ. ڴ Ұ
ϰ ڴ Ÿ
ǹѴ.
4 'ݰ'
һ簡 Ը Ͽ ݿ ó
̴ 翡 Ұϸ ֺҺϴ ̸
ij ߾ ִٴ ̴.
̶ 'ݰ' Ҽ ִٴ
ǥϰ ִ(?Ҽ). , , ,
ϴ ҽºұ ؾƺ ִ
atman ϴ anatman 븳Ǵ
μ и һ ħ ġǴ ̶
̴. ұϰ 'ݰ' Ż Ҽ
Ͽ ϰ '' ϰ ִ
̴. ᱹ Ĵϻ ſ ϰ ִ ̴.
4 '?' '±ŷ' ı° ʰ
ֵǴ μ ε ̵ ƶ߰
ֵǴ μ ε ̵ ƶ
ķϱ⼳ Ļ ?ȭŰ Ư¡ ִ.
'?' 443 ȿ Ƿ ʾ 4 濡
Ǿ ־ ִ. '?' ƺ
abhidharma μ ÿ ϰ ִ »
ϰ ִ. ϰ δ
ȣ?̱ ϴ. '?' ߿ ,
ڼ, Ƚ, ̹Ʒ ϰ ִ. ''̶ naman,
nimitta, vikalpa, samyag-jnana, tathata ϰ,
'ڼ'̶ ڼ, ڼ, ڼ(й, Ÿ, Ǽ)
Ѵ. ߿ ڼ شϰ, ڼ,
ڼ Ѵ. ''Ƚ' ƶ, manas,
ǽ mano-vijnana , , , , ϰ
'̹' ιƿ Ƹ Ѵ.
'?' Ǵ ٵ ƶ߽İ
tathagatagarbha Ͻϴ ߰ߵȴ. ƶ߽
踦 ϴ ̾ '? ̰
ϽϹǷ ֵǴ ̴.
ƶ߽ķϱ⼳ ٲ ̴.
ٴٿ ᱹ μ
ü Ÿ̶ ̴.
ٸ δ '? ƶ߽ ܼ ڼ
ƴ϶ ȭ ϰ ִ.
'?' ? Ͽ Ȥ
⸦ ϰ ִ '±ŷ'̴. 'ŷ'
Ͻ() . Ͻɹ
̸ Ͻɹ ̴. μ
Ͻɹ(ɻ) ڼ̸ ƶ̶߽
Ѵ. ƶ߽ ߸ һ ȭϿ Ϻ
̸ , Ұ ϴ ȭ ̶ 'ŷ'
Ѵ. ƶ߽ Ұ Ͽ ϱ
谡 Ǹ, ƶ߽ Ͽ ϱ ȯ
谡 ̴.
*
Hakeda, Y.S., trans., The Awakening of Faith. New York, 1967.
Lamotte, E., trans., Sandhinirmocanasutra, L'Explication des mys-
teres, Louvain and Paris, 1935.
Ruegg, D.S., La theorie du tathagatagarbha et du gotra. Paris, 1969.
Suzuki, D.T., Studies in the Lankavatara Sutra. London, 1930.
_____, trans., The Lnkavatara Sutra. London, 1932.
Wayman, Alex & Hideko, trans., The Lion's Roar of Queen Srimala:
A Buddhist Scripture on the Tathagatagarbha Theory. New York, 1974.
õ, ?, , '', '.ºұ' 6.
_____, 'Ļ', '. ºұ' 8.
13 ö
1 ö
ö ߰öа Ҿ ε ºұö
̷ ö̴. ö Ͽ Ȯ ߰ö
ٹĿ ʰ Ƶ̸鼭
̿ ο ؼ ̷ Ѵ.
츮 ϻ ϴ 繰 ڼ ̸
츮 Ͽ ǰų ۵ ̶, ᱹ
̵ 繰 츮 vijnana ϰ ִ ƴѰ?
ٸ ϴ ƴϸ,
ǽ 翡 ʴ ̴.
̿ Ʒ ö 縦 ν ȯϴ
ö ̴.
ö ٺ 츮 忡 , Ư
'ؽɹа' ߰ߵ, װ üȭǾ ĸ
̷ Ȱ ± 4 ι Ǵ ??Maitreya
( 270-350) ڷκ̴. ״ ' Yogacarabhumi',
' Mahayanasutralamkara', 'ߺк Madhyanta-
vibhaga', 'Ǻ Dharmadharmatavibhanga', '
samayalamkara', 'ݰݾ߰濪(ĥ?) Karika-saptati' ߿
ߴ.1) '' ö ⺻μ
''̶ ̸ å ó '' 䰡ڰ
ؾ ϴ 17 ܰ踦 ϴ Ե μ
Yogacara̶ ⼭ Ѥ ̴.2) ''
Ļ 䰡 ö ʸ
ְ ִ. ⼭ 츮 ִ ļ 䰡
̶ õ ٴ ̴. ''?Ὺ'
ƶ߽ ϸ Ʒ? ⼮
Ļ صǰ ִ. '','ߺк',
'' Ļ ϴ ̴.
?? ڸ ̾ Ļ ũ Ų
Asanga(310-390) ģ Vasubandhu̴. ó
ҽ±ܿ Ⱑ ߿ ̸ڸ ºұ
ߴٰ Ѵ. μ'߷', '缺',
'¾?', '?·' ö ߿Ѱ
'?·'̴. '?· Mahayana-samgraha' ¾?'̳
̸ '' ǰ μ öп
Ͽ ºұ Ư 10 ϴ ü
̴. ù° 'Ǻ'μ , Ưϴ
ٷμ ƶ߽ alayavijnana ̰, ° ''μ
ǻ Ｚ trisvabhava ϰ ִ.
parikalpita-svabhava, Ÿ⼺ paratantra-svabhava, Ǽ
parinispanna-svabhava Ｚ̴. ° 'Լ'μ
vijnapti-matrata ٷ, °
'ΰ' ΰ μ ijдٿ
̴. ټ° 'ļ' μ
dasabhumi Ѵ. ° 'к'
Ͽ ϸ ϰ° 'к'
__________
1) Tibet 뿡 ϸ Maitreya 'Ͻº Mahayana-
uttaratantra-sastra' ٰ Ѵ.
2) '' 'yogacara' 'Yogacarya'
Ͽ ̴.
ٷ. ° '?к'μ к nirvikalpa-
jnana Ѵ. ȩ° 'ܺ'μ ̻
μ Ǵ ó Ѵ. ó̶
ҽ ݰ μ,
klesaκ ο ̱ ϳ ܵ ʰ
ں Ͽ Ȱϰ ִ
Ѵ. '?·' 'ǰ' trikaya
ϰ ִ. Ļ ϰ ִ 'Ǻ'
''̸ ̴.
2 ģ ö
̸ڿ Ļ ܽŰ ϼŲ
ģ Vasubandhu̾. 뿡 Ͽ
뷫 4-5 ι ȴ.3) ģ ó
ҵ Ͽ '' ҽ±
Ͽٰ Ѵ. ״ ̸
κ 鿡 ּ 'ȭ', 'η',
'' ° ؼ . μ
'¼', 'Ҽ', '̽ʷ', 'Ļ?'
, '̽ʷ Vimsatika' 'Ļ? Trimsika'
Ļ ִ μ ö ſ
߿ ̴. ߽ Ͽ ö
ٺ 캸 Ѵ.
vijnana Ȥ Citta ߿伺 ó ұ
Ǿ Դ. ? ϳ̰, ϱ⼳
ҷμ ΰ ȸ ӿ Ļ ̾ ִ ߿
̴. ? ' ٺ̴' ϴ°
__________
3) Ͽ S. Dutt, Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of
India(London, 1962) PP.280-85. ٽ ''
ģ ķл ģ ΰ ƴϸ ΰ̴.
⼭ ڸ .
ϸ4) ' , ϱ
ϴ' ϰ ִ.5) ΰ Samyutta
Nikaya ' Ͽ ̲ Ͽ dz,
ٵ ӽŲ'6) ã
ִ.
츮 ̹ 淮 öп Ϲ?̶ Ͽ
̼ ڽ ȸ ü ϴ
츮 Ҵ. Ӹ ƴ϶ 'ȭ' 'ǰ'
, citta, vijnana()̶
߰ߵǴ ͵ ߴ. ö ̷ Ѹ
μ 'ؽɹа', ̸, , ̷ ļ
ģ ͼ ϴ ̷ ̴.
켱 ģ м ϱ ''̶ Ȯ
ʿ䰡 ִ. '' ''̶ 'vijnana'sk 'vijnapti'
̴. 'Vijnana' ַ ǽ Ȥ ν ۿ
ü ϸ װ Ͽ °
Ƚ, ̽, ǽ Ǵ ̴. 'vijnana'
ü ǹϱ ϰ ϴ
ǹϱ Ѵ. '' '' 'vijnana' ϸ ''̶
''̶ ó Ŀ ϰ ִٴ
̴. ̷ 濡 vijnna-matrataö
citta-matrata ö̶ θ. öп ϴ ̶
Ĵϻ峪 Ÿöп ϴ Ʈ atman
cit ϴ ƴ϶ ϰ ִ 帧 samtanaμ
̴. ٸ , 'vijnapti' μ
'Vijnapti' νĵǾ , ν , Ȥ ǥ Vorstellung;
__________
4) 'ģ' Vol. 1, p.827b, ''
5) '', p.69c, 'ɳ '
6) Mrs. R. Davids, trans., The Book of the Kindred Sayings (Samyutta-
Nikaya), Part 1, p.55: 'Its thoughts are that whereby the world is led,
And by its thoughts it ever plagues itself, And thought it is above all
other things That bringeth everthing beneath its sway.' ⼭ 'thought'
'citta()' ̴.
representation, ideation ǹѴ. ' vijnapti-matrata'
̶ Ĺ, 츮 ν () ִ°
簡 ƴ϶ Ÿ ǥ̶ ְ
ϴ ̴. ̰ '' Ϲ ̴.
̻ 'vijnana' 'vijnapti'
Ȯ ƴϴ.
ģ '̽ʷ Vimsatika' ַ ؼ Ĺ ظϴ
̴ 繰 츮 ǥ̳
ϴ ƴ϶, Ͽ 츮 繰 ð
, 츮 ν
ϴ ϰڴ°
'̽ʷ' Ѵ. ģ
Ͽ Ѵ. ް
Ϳ 츮 ϱ
ܰ 缺 Ѵٴ ̴.
Ǿ Ͽ ڵ ű⼭
µ ü ʴ
. ڵ
μ Ÿ ̴. Ȥ
vasana ȿ ϴ ݸ, ۿ
Ѵٰ ߸ Ѵٴ ̴. ̰
⳪ ȿ ۿ
̶ ģ Ѵ. һ簡 ġ νĿ ٰŰ ִ
ó ȭ ̸
ν ü ڷκ ϴ μ ü(ھ) ü
Ÿ ʴ´ٴ ̴.
'̽ʷ' ַ Ĺ濡 '' 鿡 ΰ
ִ. ʴ
ϴ ó ̴° vijnapti-matrata ü
ī ʰ ִ. ̷ ģ
'Ļ? Trimsika'̴.
ʵο ģ ļ ٽ ? ְ
ִ:
ƹ
ǽļҺ ɺ
atmadharmopacaro hi vividho yah pravartate
vijnanapariname sau parinamah sa ca trividha
̰ ϸ: 'ƿ
ϳ, ̴' ̴. ⼭ atman
dharma ü ü 踦 Īϴ μ
upacara, ӽ÷ μ
к һ parikalpita̶ ̴. ̷ ƿ
̶ 㱸 vijnana parinama ǰϰ ִٰ
Ѵ. ⼭ 켱 ö 㱸 ̶
ʰ ̶ 翡 ǰϰ
ϰ ִ ̴. ɺ Ŀ
ִٰ Ѵ. ⼭ 츮 Ƚļ Ѵ.
Ͽ Ƚ Ʒ? alayavijnana Ȥ
̿ Ѵ. 'ƶ alaya' , â μ
ȿ Ͽ ? vasana, impressions
· ϰ ֱ ̶ θ ̴.
Ȥ 츮 ( vipaka) Ͽ ̶̿ Ҹ,7)
ĵ ٺ DZ ٺ̶ Ѵ.
̷κ ٸ ĵ ġ ػ Ķ
Ͽ Ͼ ̴. ƶ߽ ̶ ƶ߽ ȿ
Ǿ ִ ڵ ߾ϰ Ͽ Ÿ Ǵ
кۿ ϴ μ, ̰ ٸƴ 츮 ϻ
̴. ̿ ƶ߽ij ? ִ ڵ
__________
7) '' 츮 . μ
ƶ߽ ü . μ ̷ Ÿ ̴.
ȭϿ Ÿ ĵ pravrtti-vijnana̶ θ ̿
Ҿ 谡 Ÿ ̶ Ѵ. ü ü,
νϴ ڿ νĵǴ , ü ȯ, ƶ߽
Ͽ Ÿ ̶ ̴. ̷
迡 ٰϿ 츮 Ǵٽ ڵ ?Ͽ
Ʒ?Ŀ ǰ ȴ. ڵ ʰ ڷμ
鼭 ڷ ϰ ȴ. ̻
Ͽ п 'ڻ, ?, ڻ' Ѵ.
Ʒ? 帣 õϸ鼭 ȸ ü ̷
̴. ƶ߽ Ȱ ϰ ƹ
ü νۿ뵵 ʴ´. ƶ߽ ü
ʰ(?) ǿ Ͽ () ̳, ƶ߽
ִ ڵ ִٰ Ѵ.
ƶ߽ Ȱ Բ ĥ ? manaseh ۵ϰ ȴ.
̰ ̴. ? 緮 manana ַ ϴ
緮μ ƶ߽ Ͽ Ű ư
atma-drsti, ? atma-moha, Ƹ atma-mana, Ƽ atma-sneha
Ѵٰ Ѵ. Űöп ־ ī ahamkara
شϴ ̴. ƶ߽İ ڳ
Ȱϰ ִ μ, ĵ鿡 ϼ
οϰ Ȱ ȴ. ٸ ĵ
Ȱϴٰ Ӿ Ȱ
ϸ鼭 ΰ Ȱ Ӽ ִ
̴.
ĥ Ȱ ƶ߽ ĵ ۿ
ϰ ȴ. ̰ ̴. , , ,
, , ٿ Ͽ 亰 visaya-vijnapti
ϱ 亰̶ θ. ó
ϴ 鸸 ƹ к
ϴ Ͽ ǽ mano-vijnana
(ɼҹ)Ӹ ƴ϶ Ͽ ־ 鿡 Ͽ
к Ѵ. ƴ϶ ǽ ʴ
ִ. ϰ ȸϱ ϸ
ƹ ̵ ִ ̴. п ǽ
İ Բ ǽ̶ θ ǽ ü
ܵ ϴ 츦 ǽ̶ θ.
̻ Ͽ Ѵٴ
vijnapti-matrata ̷̴.
ƿ к vikalpa ϰ ϰ
ȴٴ ̴. ̰ 繰 parikalpita-svabhava,
к ̶ θ. vijnapti
ϴ ó Ѵٴ ̴. кϴ ۿ
ü鵵 ƶ߽ ڿ ϴ Ÿ ̴. ̰
Ÿ⼺ paratantra-svabhava, Ÿ ηϿ ϴ ̶
θ. ٷ Ÿ⼺ ݴ 츮
ü ִ ̴. ְ к
븳 ʿ tathata ü ̴. ̰ Ǽ
parinispanna-svabhava̶ θ. Ÿ⼺ Ǽ
ʰ ٸ ʴٰ Ѵ. Ÿ⼭ ٷ
Ǽ ݴ ǰ
̴. Ｚ trisvabhava ٸ
﹫ڼ trividha nihsvabhavata ȴ. Ｚ ߰
Ѿ ǥ ̶,
﹫ڼ ٸ ǥ ȴ. , к ϱ
ڼ̿, Ͽ ϱ
ڼ̿, ǻ ̱ ǹڼ ̴.
öе ο Ѵ.
75 100 . ö Ļ
ϰ ֱ ο ʰ
̴. Ͽ
з ǹִ ̴. 100 ɹ 8( 8), ɼҹ
51, 11, ɺλ 24, 6 Ǿ ִ.
yogacara'̶ Ÿ ö ܼ
̷ 纯 ƴ϶ 䰡 迡 ǰ
̴. 䰡 ܰ谡 ڴ
ü ü ¿ Ѵ.
̸κ عǸ ΰ , ƶ߽
ȯ Ͼ ȴٰ Ѵ. ̰ asraya-paravrtti
θ. ƶ߽Ŀ ?ڴ ? ڷ ٲ Ǹ
ٲ ϰ ȴٴ ̴.
*
Jacobi, H., trans., Trimsikavijnapti des Vasubandhu mit Bhasya
des Acarya Sthiramati. Stuttgart, 1932.
La Vallee-Poussin, L. de, trans., Vijnaptimatratasiddhi, La Siddhi
de Hiuan-Tsang. Paris, 1928-1929
Lamotte, E., trans., La Somme du grands vehicule d'Asanga(Mahayana-
samgraha). Louvain, 1939.
Levi, S., trans., Mahayana-sutralamkara, expose de la doctrine du
Grand Vehicule selon le systeme Yogacara. Paris, 1907-1911.
_____, trans., Materiaux pour l'Etude du Systeme Vijnaptimatra.
Paris, 1932.
Masuda, J., Der individualistische Idealismus der Yogacara-Schule:
Versuch einer genetischen Darstellung. Heidelberg, 1926.
Schott, M., Sein als Bewusstsein: ein Beitrage zur Mahayana-Philoso-
phie. Heidelberg, 1935.
Wolff, E., Lehre vom Buwusstsein. Heidelberg, 1930.
14 ģ ö
1 ? ұ νķ
Ĺ ϴ ö ڿ ν ұö
ٺ ɻ . öп ᱹ
νķ̿, νķ ̴. ν
ģ ö ?(Dignaga; 5-6) ͼ ε巯
Ÿ ü ұνķ Ǿ. ?
δ 'ҷϷ Alambanapariksa', 'Ƿ Prajnaparamita-
pindartha-samgraha', '?߷ Hastavalaprakarana', ' Pramana-
samuccaya' ִ. 'ҷϷ' 忡 ν
(ҷ) ϰ ְ 'Ƿ' 'ǰݾ߰' ,
Ÿ⼺, Ǽ Ｚ Ͽ ؼϴ ̴.
'?߷' ̶ܰ ̸ ̶
Ѵ. ġ ̶ ϵ ܰ谡
ϴ Ͱ ٰ ϰ ִ.
? '?߷а '' ̿ Ĺ ħ
ִ Ư νķ ϰ ִ.
? ÿ ̹ ε öĵ ̻
ص ü Ӹ ƴ϶ νķ
Ͽ ۾ Ȱ ϰ ־.
̷ Ȳ ν ġ ö
νķп ܿ ̴. ?
öлӸ ƴ϶ ұ ٺ ƿ
νķ ȣ ÿ Ŀ ̸ Mimamisa ö
̷е ߴ. ̿ Ͽ Ÿī
Uddyotakara ' Nyaya-varttika' ö
ȣ ? ݹߴ. ұ Ī(Dharmakirti;
7) ͼ ?νķ и
ų ƴ϶ '' ּ ' Pramana-
varttika' Ÿī Ŷϰ ߴ. ״ ̸
̷е Ͽ ̸ ֵ Kumarila Bhatta
Sloka-vartlika ̿ ߴ. 9 íƼ̽
Vacaspatimisra '' ? Ī
̷ ϸ ö ȣߴ. , ̸,
Ÿ ĵ Ͽ ұνķ ȣ ڴ
8 ŸŸ Santaraksita ?ȣ ī
Kamalasila. ڴ ' tattvasamgraha', ڴ
̿ ּ Ἥ Ÿī Ӹ ƴ϶
ĵ Ϸ Ͽ. ᱹ Ƽ
ۿ εұ ־ ?
Ǿ ̴. ? ־ ۵ ұ ٶö
ĵ εöл翡 ־ ְ ߿
ϳ.1) ? Ī ߽ Ͽ ұ
νķ 밭 캸 Ѵ.
ұ ʱ һ ڽκ
Ͽ Pratyaksa ߷ anumana ν
Դ. ̰ ? Ī ͼ μ
νķ ̷ ִ. ұνķ
__________
1) öа ? Ͽ ǥǴ ұöа ￡ Ͽ B.K.
Matilal Epistemology, Logic, and Grammar in Indian Philosophical
Analysis(The Hague, 1971) .
̷а ߷п ̷ κ Ǿ
ִ. ߷п ̷ θ Hetuvidya̶
Ҹ ұ ̴. 켱 ? Ī ־
̷к .
ѷΰ εöп ٺ 븳Ǵ
̷ ִ ϳ νķ nirakara-vada̿, ٸ ϳ
νķ sakara-vada̴. νķ̶ 츮 ܰ
繰 νԿ ־ Ͽ Ǵ akara
ܺ ü ̸ Ȱ ݿϴ
ͻ̶ ̷̴. ij ·öп ̶
ھ atman , Ͽ artha ϴ
ǹϸ, ο
Ѵ. ̿ Ͽ νķ ̶ 踦
ִ ״ νϴ ƴϰ ٸ νѴٴ
̴. μ迡 Ͼ ִ ǥ鸸 Ѵٴ
̷̴. 淮ο ö ̷ ̷ .
淮ΰ 縦 ϴ ݸ鿡 ö װ
ʴ ̴. 淮ο 츮
巯 ƴϰ ٸ ӿ ־
鿡 , Ÿ ٰŷμ ܺμ踦
߸ Ͽ ִٰ Ѵ. ? ߽ ұνķڵ
δ Ĺ 鼭, ٸ
δ ν̷ Կ ־ 淮 м
Ƶ̰ ִ. 淮ο ϰ ִ
Ͽ ߷ īӰ ߴ.
̶ ? 繰 δ ϰ
ִ ״ ڻ svalaksana ϴ μ,
Ǵ vikalpa Ե ʴ ν ̴.
߷ ̿ʹ Ű Ͽ ̷
νľ·μ, 繰 samanyalaksana Ͽ
kalpana Ȥ Ǵۿ뿡 ٰ ̶ Ѵ.
ڻ̶ ̶̰ Ͽ ǰ кǴ
Ȥ ̴. ̶ ϰ ִ 繰
巯 ӿ Ͽ ̶
̷ ǥ 縦 кۿ
vikalpa Ͽ Ų ̴. 츮 ̷ кۿ뿡
Ͽ ͵ ӿ ʴ 繰 üȭϿ
Һϰ ϸ, ̰
迡 Ϸ Ѵٴ ̴. ϰ ִ
Ҳ µ 鼭 'Ҳ'̶ ϳ ȭ μ
װ ľϰ ִ Ͱ ٴ ̴. ̶ ٷ ̷
Ȱ kalpana ϰ
翡 ϴ ν̴. ұνķ
öа , κй nirvikalpa
к savikalpa ƵƤ ʴ´. к
̶ ̹ ۿ Ե μ 縦
ϴ ̴.
? ̻ ν̷п Ͽ ǹ̿ Ư
ظ . ? ϸ ̶ 츮 Ͽ ͵
ΰμ 踦 Īϱ
Ư 踦 Ī
? ִ ̴. ? ϸ
縦 巯ٰ Ѵ. ̳ ̸ μ,
츮 װͰ ٸ
apohaν Ư 繰
Īϰ ȴٴ 繰 ''
װ '' ƴ , Ȥ ƴ ƴ ǹѴٴ
̴. ̷ Ͽ 츮 Ư 繰
Ī Ͽ ִٴ ̴. ̷
ᱹ ߷п ǰ ̴.
? ̷ pratyaksa kalpana ϴ
Ȯϰ ϳ, ٸ δ ҿ
տ ϱ Ͽ ̿ ߰
Ȥ 縦 ؾ߸ ߴ. Ͽ ״
manasa-pratyaksa: mental sensation̶ Ѵ.
̶ manas , ǽ
mano-vijnana Ȱμ, 츮 ؼ
?? ٷ ־
̶ Ѵ.
Pratyaksa ϸ Ŀ ϴ
ƴ϶ Ѵ.
? Ī ϸ Ͽ Ͼ 츮 ν
ǽ svasamvedana Ѵ. ǽ ÿ ǽ̸
츮 θ ߴ ڸ svayamprakasa ϰ
ִ. ġ ü ߱ Ͽ ٸ ϳ
ʿ ̶ θ 巯 ̴.
? ϸ Ŀ ־ ϴ ü
(grahaka-akara; ߺ, , ɷ) Ǵ (grahya-
akara; , , ҷ) Ҿ ν ڱν̶
Ұ ν (pramana-phala, svasamvitti; , )μ
־ ̴. ̰ ? ϴ ν мμ
Ͽ Ͼ ν ̷ ̴. ν
Ȱ ־ ϳ ȴٴ ̷̴.
̷ ̷п ־ ν ν ȿ Ͽ
ְ, ν ν ġϴ ̴. ν
, νĵ ־ ʱ ̴.
̷ Ǹ ᱹ ϴ , ν μ
ν ̰ ν ü ü ϴ
ƴϴ. ϳ 帧μ ̸
ȥ̳ ھ atman Ӽ̳ ° ƴϴ.
ؼ νķ Ļ ؼ 縦 ϳ
ΰ ν ȯ ö̶
ִ.
̻ ? νķ ̸ Mimamsa
ö νķа ū ̸ ̰ ִ. ö
νķп ϸ ν̶ ھ atman μ, ν ü
atman (, )
ҵ ̴. ν ǽ()̶
DZ manas ν̶ ھ ¸ Ͽ νϴ
μ ü ϳ ھ ¸ ̷ Ǵ ̴.
? ģ ϰ Ų ڵ
μ, ö (5-6), ȣ Dharmapala
(6 ), Silabhadra(6-7) Ͽ µǾ.
'?·п' ? ν м ߴ.
ȣ '̽ʷ' 'Ļ?' ֿ , ״
̿ܿ װ ǽϴ ϳ ǽμ
м ߴ. ȣ 'Ļ?' ؼ
Ͽ 糪 (600-664) ҰǾ.
̿ ٰϿ 'ķ' Ͽ ƽþ ұ
ö ö ʸ
ߴ.
? ô ڷμ ?
Gunamati ͼ ģ ּ ?
Sthiramati(6) '߷', 'ߺǺ', '',
'Ļ?' ּ . ? νķп ־
ϳ ϰ װ Ÿ⼺ а
μ ϴ ʾҴ.
̿ Ͽ ? ȣ Ȥ Ÿ⼭
̴. ν̶ ü,
ƶ߽ ʴ´ٴ öڵμ ǰ
ϰ ִ ̴. ۿ Nanda(6) ڴ
, ߺи ϴ ̺м ߴ.
2 Ī ұ
ݱ 츮 pratyaksa ߽ Ͽ ?
νķ ߴ. ұ ν ٸ ϳ ߷
anumana ̷μ, θ hetuvidya̶ θ. θ
̶ θ ε ټ й ϳ̴.
̶ θ ε ټ й ϳ̴.
̶ sabdavidya ư, ? silpa-
karma-sthana-vidya , , ? й, ǹ cikitsa-vidya
а , θ hetu-vidya , adhyatma-vidya
ڱ ϴ й(ٶ ٿ й
ϸ ұ ұ й) Ѵ. 'θ'̶
' hetu"̶ Ŀ ̲
Ű μ, װ ߿ κ̹Ƿ
() й̶ Ͽ 'θ'̶ θ ̴.
ұ¸ 캼 , 'ɷ',
'ؽɹа' ǰ ' ǰ', '' '',
'¾? 'ǰ', ģ 'Ƿ'
Ǹ ãƺ ִ. ̿
̾ ÿ ο ڴ ?.
״ '' 'θ' , η
۹ ̷ Ͽ θ ߴ.2)
? ߷ ۹, ټ
(, , Ƥ, , ) ? ߿ ''
'' ʿ ϰ ۹ ̴. ̰
θ̶ θ θ̶ θ. ?
Ͽ ? Sankarasvamin 'θ' ,
7 Ī Dharmakirti(650) Ͽ ''
ֿ ' Pramanavarttika' ' Nyayabindu'̶
__________
2) η Ŀ .
м Ͽ ? ϰ ״.
ұ 氡ǰ ִ Ī ''
ǰϿ ұ 밭 캸 Ѵ.3)
Ī öа ߷ ڱڽ ں
svartha-anumana Ÿ parartha-anumana ϰ
ںӷ ٷ. 츮 öп ̹
߷ ٽ κ ߸ ٰŰ Ǵ hetu,
sadhya ҸĪ paksa ִ ߸ Ȥ ǥ¡ linga
ִ. ,
--'꿡 ִ'(=; =Ҹ)
--'Ⱑ °'(=߸)
--'Ⱑ ִ', Ʊ̿ó
߷ ϰ Ÿ Ƿ ߷ ٰŰ Ǵ ,
'' ٷ ¤ ϴ ̴. Ī ݵ
߾ Ѵ. ̰ ̶
Ѵ.4) ù° () ־, Ҹ() ݵ
ؾ Ѵٴ ̴(). ű'' ־
ʿ ư ű ؾ߸ Ÿϴٴ ֱ.
° ݵ ɰ , ()
쿡 ؾ Ѵٴ ̴(ǰ).
Բ ؾ ʿ , 翡 ؼ
ؾ Ѵٴ Ģ̴. ° ٷ
Ȯ ϴ μ ̷ Ǵ Ϳ
ؼ ȵȴٴ Ģ̴(ǰ). ° ° Ģ
ΰ vyapti ˱ Ͽ
ġ踦 ϳ ? anvaya ٸ ϳ
__________
3) Th Stcherbatsky, trans., Buddhist Logic (New York: Dover
Publications, Inc., 1962), Vol. 2 ٰ.
4) ￡ ̷ ? ĪӸ ƴ϶ ·ö
ŸĴٿ ߰ߵȴ.
vyatireka Ȯ ̴. ǥ
μ ߿ ϳ̶ ȴٰ
Ѵ. ǿ ؼ ڸ ϴ ̶ Ѵ.
Ī ̷ Ű ο
ִٰ Ѵ. ϼ ΰ̴.
߸ (, ) ǥǾ ε
Ѵ. ݸ鿡 ǥ 쿡
߸ ϼ ƴϸ ΰ 踦 ٰ
Ѵ.ϼ̶ üκ ߸Ǿ
, Ȥ ܼ ϱ⸸ ص ̿ Ͽ
svabhava-anumana Ǵ ΰ
踦 Ѥ,. , '̰ ̴, ֳϸ ೪
(Ȥ δϿ)̱ ̴' ̴. ⼭ '೪'κ
'' ʿ ̴.
öп мǴ analytical judgment شϴ ̴.
ΰ̶ ΰ 簡 ΰ 踦 ϴ ̴.
Karya-anumana. '꿡 ִ, Ⱑ Ƿ'
߷̴. 迡 Ǵ synthetic judgment شϴ
̴.
Ī ϼ̳ ΰ 谡 ϴ
ΰ ̿ ʿ svabhava-pratibandha
ϱ ̶ Ѵ. 쿡 ̿
ʿ̰ Ҷ avina-bhava ʱ ̴.
ϼ 쿡 (,'') κ
ϰ ϴ (, '೪') Ȥ
Ͽ , ΰ 쿡 ߸ٰŷμ
('') ߸μ ('') ڿ ϰ
ִ ̴.
̻ ϼ ΰ
Ī Ͽ Ǵ ٷ.
Ǵ 11 µ, Ǵٴ ݰ
̻ Ѵ. Ǵ̶ Ī ϸ
·а öа ܼ
ִ anupalabdhi ٰϴ ' abhava'̶
padartha νĴμ ִ ƴ϶ Ѵ.
̸Ŀ ϴ ó νϴ Ư
νĹμ ''̶ ͵ ʿ䰡 .
ִ 繰 Ÿ ν Ǵٴ
̴. Ī ϱ⸦ ´ ν Pramana,
̳ ߷ Ͽ ־ 翡
Ǵ ǽ samsaya-hetu Ǵ μ
ٰ Ѵ. 繰 ؼ ν
μ ٰ Ѵ.
ùٸ ν 縦 ν
ϱ ̴.
ݱ 츮 ں svartha-anumana, ȥڼ θ
Ͽ ߸ϸ Ǵϴ Ī ̷ ߴ.
״ Ÿ Ͽ ڱ Ǵ ϴ
Ÿ parartha-anumana ٷ. Ÿ̶
Ÿο Ű ִٰ Ī Ѵ.
ں Ƹ ܷй syllogism
. Ҿ ('Ⱑ ִ:
Ʊ̿ó') ü
Ѵ. ٽ ϸ ں ͳ
Ÿ ٰ ִ. Ī
Ÿ ¸ ϰ ִ. ǹ̻ ̴
Ļ ̶̻ Ѵ. ϳ Ҹ( ־)
( Կ ġ ٰ
μ ¸ Ѵ:
-' 깰6) ϴ',
-'Ҹ 깰̴'
-'Ҹ ϴ'
ٸ ϳ ġ Ѵ:
-' ͵ 깰 ƴϴ', 7)ó
-'Ҹ 깰̴'
-'Ҹ ϴ'
Ī ̵ Ÿ Ͽ
ڼ ϰ ⼭ Ѵ. ں
ϼ ΰ ٰ ߷ µ ϰ
ִ ̴. Ī ܷй ݵ ʿ䰡
ٰ Ѵ. ΰ ÿ ־ ̱ ̴.
ۿ Ī , ,
asiddha , Ȯ , , Ŀ Ͽ
ϰ ִ. ̻ 츮 Ī ''
ұ(θ) 밭 캸Ҵ.
*
Frauwallner, E., "Dignaga, Sein Werk und seine Entwicklung,"
Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes 3(1959).
Hattori, M., trans., Dignaga, on Perception. Harvard Oriental Series,
Vol. 47. Cambridge, Mass., 1968.
Ingalls, D.H.H., trans., Materials for the Strdy of Navya-Nyaya
Logic. Harvard Oriental Series, Vol. 40. Cambridge, Mass., 1951.
Matilal, B.K., Epistemology, Logic, and Grammar in Indian Philo-
sophical Analysis. The Hague, Paris, 1971.
_________
6)'깰 krtaka"̶ ұ samskrta-dharma شϴ ̴.
7) akasa Ư ҽºұ öп asamskrta-
dharma ֵȴ.
Mookerji, S., The Buddhist Philosophy of Universal Flux. Calcutta, 1935.
Randle, H.N., Fragments from Dinnaga. London, 1926.
_____, Indian Logic in the Early Schools. London, 1930.
Tucci, G., trans., Nyayamukha of Dignaga: the Oldest Buddhist
Text on Logic, Materialen zur Kunde des Buddhismus, Heft 15.
Heidelberg, 1930.
_____, trans., Pre-Dinnaga Buddhist Texts on Logic from Chinese
Sources. Gaekwad's Oriental Series, Vol. 49. Baroda, 1929.
Vidyabhusana, S.C., A History of Indian Logic. Calcutta, 1921.
'ұ'
15 ̳ öü
Ÿ ô뿡 ͼ ǰ ö ռ ö Ȱ
ұöлӸ ƴ϶ ̳ ū ġ Ǿ ñ 츮
̳öе ü
Ǵ . ̳ ̳ ؼ ߽
״ ϸ鼭 Ÿ ö ̷е ǽϿ ڽ νķа
ʿ並 ̴. ̷
Ͽ
̳ ǥ öڷμ ٿ 츶Ƽ
ִ. ڴ "", "" ǰ伭 , ڴ ""
̶ ̳ 伭 ߴ. 1)츶Ƽ ķε ̳ö
ū ö ȭ ٺ εöл翡 ϳ
帧 Դ.
伭 ߽ Ͽ ̷ ̳ üȭ ö Ұϸ
.
1 ̳ νķ
̳ö Ͱ . 츮
ϻȰ ϴ μ, ǰ߰ û ִ. ǰ̶
ν̳ ߷ Ѵ. ŸĿ
з, ̳ δ ϰ
Ͽ߸
DZ Ѵ. û ִ ڵκ
ƴ Ѵ.
̳ö ϴ ̶ Ư μ, ,
Ÿ, 3 ִ. 켱 Ϸ ̳ ȥ
ʿ䰡 ִ. ̳ ϸ ȥ ġ ¾ ǽ̶
ٰ Ѵ. ƹ ذ ȥ
巯 Ѵ. ȥ ̶ ֹ
Ѵٴ ̴. 깰 츮 DZ
ȥ ִ ۿ ٴ ̴. 츮
Ѵٸ 츮 ̳ Ͽ
̼ Ȥ ʴ 繰 ִ ɷ ȴٰ Ѵ. ̰
Ͽ θ. , ޱ ̴. Ÿ
״ Ÿ ƴ μ, ȥ ̳̿ ñ
ִ ̴. ̰ , Ʒ ̷.
Ÿ ̳ DZ Ű ʿ Ƿ Ŀ ϴ
̴.
̳ νķп Ư Ŀ 뼺̷̴. ̳
Ϻ 翡 ظ ϴ ݴϴ
Դ. Ŀ 뼺 ̷ Ͽ и
νķ ̴. ̳ ϸ 糪 Ȥ ϳ 繰
ϰ ִٰ Ѵ. 츮 繰
ν 鸸 ȴٴ ̴. ̷
ѵ κ İ ̿ ٰ Ǵ '' θ. ̷ κ
Ǵ 繰 忡
̴.
츮 ǿ ϰ κ
ϴ ´ٴ ̴. ̳ö ϱ⸦ ҿ
츮
Ǵܵ ' ' Ȥ 'Ƹ'ϴ ǥ ؾ Ѵٰ Ѵ. ̳
̷ ̷ Ƕ θ. ̳ö ̷ ϰ
¸ Ѵ. 츮 繰 Ͽ , 7
ִٴ ̴.
1. S P̴
2. S P ƴϴ
3. S P̱ ϰ, ƴϱ ϴ
4. S
5. S P̱ ϰ, ϱ Ʊ ϴ
6. S P ƴϳ, ϱ Ʊ ϴ
7. S P̱ ϰ ƴϱ ϳ ϱ Ʊ ϴ
̻ 뼺 ϰ ϳ 常 Ǵٰ
ϴ ̳ö Ƕ θ. ̳ ν Ǵ
ȸdz
Ұ ǹϴ ƴϴ. ѵ Ͽ ϳ Ǵ
Ȯϰ ִ ̱ ̴. ٸ Ǵ ٸ
ɼ ִٴ ǽϸ鼭 ϸ ȴٴ ̴.
2 ̳ ̻
̳ ν Ǵ ̳ ٰϰ ִ. ̳ ϸ
繰 ݵ ٰ Ѵ. װ ٴ ݵ
װ ʴٴ ݵ ļ ϸ ϳ 繰̶
ٴ ̴. 繰̶ ȴٴ ƴ
̳ ٸٰ Ѵ. ڸ ̴. ̳ ϸ
̷ ϰ ִ Ϳ Ͽ ִ. ڸ ü θ.
ü ȵ Ͱ 쿬
ִٰ Ѵ. ǽ ȥ ̸ ,, ϴ
쿬
̴. ü ϴ ̵ 쿬 ̸,
ü ¸ ϴ ̴. ̿ , ̳ö ʴ
ϴ ϰ ִٰ ϸ, ұ ϴ ϰ
Ÿö Һϴ
ϴ Ϲ ص̶ Ѵ.
̳ö ü Ͱ ʴ 뺰Ѵ. ڴ
ٽ зȴ. ȥ Ȥ ȥ ̴. Ȥ ȥ
Ǵٽ
ع ȥ ӹڵ ȥ еǸ ӹڵ ȥ Ͱ
. ȥ ,,ȭ,dz,Ĺ ҿ ˰
ٰ Ѵ. ݸ鿡 ȥ ̺
̻ ټ . ǽ ȥ μ ȥ
̰ ֱ ǽ δ .
ִ
ֿ ǽ ̰ ̴. ȥ ´ , ,
ູ, ȥ İ ü̴. ӹڵ
ȥ װ ¾ ü Ͽ ߰ ü °
װ ִ ü ũ ¸ Ѵٰ Ѵ. ȥ
ü η ϴ ̴. ȥ ϳ ̶ Ѵ.
ü ü ,ð,,, ִ. ü κе
Ǿ ־ ְ ִ. ̻
κ ڶ θ տ Ͽ ü ̷. ̳öп
츮 DZ( , Ѹ ) ֵȴ.
ڵ ,,,
ֵ ʴ´. ü鿡 Ҹ ָ ʿ
μ 簡
߸Ǿ ִٰ Ѵ. ƴ϶ ̴.
̳ö Ѵ. ȥ ٸ ü ϴ
̰ Ѿ ִ ʼ ̴. ع ȥ
Ѵٰ ̳ Ѵ. ̳ö ð ü Ѵ. ð ,
,,ο, ϰ ϴ ʿ μ,
߸ ˷ٰ Ѵ. ð ٸ ü
ʴ´. ֳϸ ð ϳ, ð
ϱ ̴. ü ߸ Ͽ
簡 ˷ٰ Ѵ. Ӱ ̶ ϰ ϴ
ʼμ̴.
̳ö ϱ⸦ Ⱑ ϱ ϳ ̶ Űü ̴
Ұ ó ȥ̳ ü鵵 ʼμ ̶ ü
ʿ Ѵٴ ̴. ʴ
ʼ̶ ̴. ̴. ϰ °
ִٰ Ѵ. ̻ ̳ ü
̻ ·öа ٿ ̶ ̴.
̳ Ż Ͽ ̹ ̳ ٷ
ٰ ִ. ̳ ӹ̶ ȥ پ ִ ϹǷ ع̶
켱 ȥ ԵǾ ϵ ؾ ϸ ̹ پ ִ
ҸǾ Ѵ. ȥ ٰ ᱹ ٰ
( , )̹Ƿ ̳ 翡 ùٸ
(ٸ , ) Ѵ. Ͽ ̳ ħ
ؿ ŷڰ ־ ϹǷ Ǿ Ѵ. Ű Ŀ
ʿ Ѵ. 츶Ƽ "" Ż
Ѵ.
߿ ö̴. ̹ ȥ پ ִ
ҸŰ μ Ư ȴ. ġ Ű
͵, 츮 Ͽ ҸǾ Ұ ȴٴ ̴.
ع ȥ ڱ ã ŵ 躸ٵ ִ
Ͽ ű⼭ Ż Ƚİ ູ ȴٰ Ѵ.
16 ̸ ö
1 ̸ö
εöп ö ұ ̳ʹ ϴ ķ
ֵǾ ߿ ̸ Ÿ Ĵ Ķ
ִ. Ÿ ĵ ٿ ǻ ־ ̻ Ѿ ʴ
찡 ̸ Ÿ ٷ ؼ ֿ
ɻ
Ͽ öе̱ ̴. ߵ ٴ ŵ鿡
ġ ۰ κа ̰ ϰ ϴ
帶 еȴ. 帶 κп
ֿ ΰ
ö ٷ Ĵϻ尡 ԵǾ ִ. κ ̶ θ
ַ ϴ κ Ǿ Դ. ̸ Ÿ
κ Žϰ ϴ ǥ ϴ ķμ, ̸Ĵ κ,
Ѵ Ͽ Ǫٹ̸ θ, ŸĴ κ Ѵ
Ͽ Ÿ̸ ҷԴ. Ȥ 常
̱
ī̸ 帶̸ θ Ѵ. 1)'̸' 'ɱ'
. ̸ ϸ Ǫٹ̸縦 Īϸ Ÿ̸
Ÿ θ.
Ŀ ̳ 帶 ؼ ϰ иϰ
ƴ϶, Ͽ Ǿ Դ. ð
Ȯϰ ʿ κ ߸ Ͽ ùٸ
Թ ã ϰ Ǿ. ߸ Ȱ ľ߶ ҷ ̰ ߿
ʹ , ùٸ Թ ٷ ijķ
ϰ ̴. Թ ɵ ü ϰ ϴ ۾
ӵǾ ̰ ̸ĸ ϰ ̴. ̸ âڴ
2 ι Ǵ ̴̹Ϸ , ٺ "̸"μ
± 1 Ŀ ¸ ߰ ֵǰ ִ.
"̸" ٸ Ǿ ־ üμ
ϱ ƴ.
ϴ ּ 5 濡 ٶپƹο Ͽ
̴. ȿ 츮 긣Ƽī "̸" ؼ Ϻκ
οǰ ִ , ű⼭ 긣Ƽī ұ ö ظ ϰ ִ
װ Ƹ ̸öп ̸ ڷ ֵȴ.
ٶٹֵ ̸ö Ͽ ٶپƹ ּ
ϰ ̸ö Ŀ ֵĸ ϰ Ǿ.
̸Ŀ ö ̷ ο ֵǸ
Ŀ ̸ö ̷ ߴ. ī
ּ Brhati Ҹ ּ īŸ ̽ Rjuvimala ָ
. ״ ī ̸ؼ 伭 Prakaranapaancika .
ٶٹ ּ 3 ؼ
ߴ. Slokavaarttika, Tantravarttika, Tuptika 3̴.
Ͽ ٳ̽ ͼ Vidhiviveka, Mimamsanukramani,
Tanyravarttika ߴ. ״ ߿ ī Ÿö
ߴ. ܿ ֵĿ ڵ Ͽ ī
ĸ еϰ Ǿ.
ұ ߿ ٶ ߴٰ ϸ, Ͽ ұ
Ŷϰ ϰ ִ. ī Ҿ ε ұ
ū öڷ ǰ ִ. ī ߽
Ͽ ̸ö 밭 캸, ʿ信 л ϵ Ѵ.
2 ̸ νķ
"̸" ٰ ϴ ùٷ ϵ ϴ ؼ
ϴ ֵ ִ. ̸ö '̸', ɱ
Ͽ Ǿ, ̸öп б ̷
ŸĿ Ƶ鿩 Ǿ. ̸翡 ϸ ǹ̸ Ȯ
5 ľ Ѵ.
1. Ȯ
2. ̿ ǹ
3. ݷ, Ÿ
4. ,
5. ٸ κп Ͽ
̷ ܿ, ̸ ٺ ö ɻ ٰ
ϴ ǹ ̷ ħ ִ ִ. ǹ ؾ ϸ,
Ͽ Ǵ° ٷ ̴.
츮 帶 ̹ ְ ſ
ü
Ű ҰŴϿ ̷ Ͽ 翩ο ϰ
ڵ ̶ Ҵ. ̷
̸ö ϴ ְ ʿ伺
ϰ ̴. Ƿ ü ǰϿ
ǹ ʴ Ƶ鿩 ۿ ̴.
Ǵ ̸ ٿ ϴ ǹ ǹ ϸ õ ް
ȴٴ ִ° ϴ ڿ Ǵ ̴. ⼭
츮 ̸ ν̷п ϰ ȴ.
̸ ùٸ μ ,,,ط, Ѵ.
, 츮 ˿ Ͽ
νĹμ, ܰ ȴٰ Ѵ. ù° ܰμ ü
ھƿ к Ͼٰ Ѵ. 繰 ݿ ǽ̳
Ǵܾ 縸 ־ νĴ̴ܰ. μ к
̷ٰ Ѵ. ǹ̸ ľϰ ϴ Ѵ.
̸ö ϱ⸦ ι° ܰ迡 и ˷ Ǵ ̹ ù°
ܰ迡 Ͻ ˷
ִٰ Ѵ. 츮 迡 ߾ кϴ
ͻ ο ̳ Ӽ οϴ ƴ϶ Ѵ. νķп
ϰ ִ кۿ ְ ʰ ִ ̴. 츮
ǽϰ
ִ ұ ϴ ó 繰 Ư
νϴ ͵ ƴϸ, ٰ ؼ Ÿöпó ƹ Ư Ӽ
縸 ǽϴ ͵ ƴ϶ Ͽ ̸ö ߰ ϰ ִ.
̶ 翡 Ͱ ſ ￡ Ͽ Ͽ
缺 ƴ ̴. (߷) ش öп ̴.
̻ νĹ 迡 ǰ μ ̸翡 ϴ
ʴ ִ ƴϴ. ̸ö ߿
νĹ ϳ ǰϰ ִ. ΰ Ͱ ΰ
ִ. Ĵ ڸ ϰ ֵĴ ڸ Ѵ. ٴ ̸öп
ϸ ΰ ̴. ٴ ſ Ͽ ͵ ƴϰ
Ͽ ͵ ƴϱ
̴. ٸ Ͽ ̸ö ϴ°? ̸ö
ü ٴ ϱ Ͽ Ͽ
Ư ̷е ϰ Ǿ.
̸öп ϸ ̶ ܼ Բ μ Ҹμ
ƴϴ. Ҹ ̷ ִ ڵ鿡 ִٰ Ѵ.
ڷμ Ͽ ü ϸ
ð ʿ ̴. ̶ Ҹ ǥ ȵ
ִ ̴. ΰ̳ ſ Ͽ ƴ
̴. ̸ ̿ Ϲݿ ̷ Ͽ ᱹ
Ϸ ̴.
Ӹ ƴ϶ ̸翡 ϸ ǹ̵ ΰ ̳ Ͽ ־
ƴϸ, ٰ 濡 ٰ ͵ ƴϰ, ڿ ̶ Ѵ.
̰ ̱ ̴. ̸翡 ϸ 質
ΰ ʰ , Ѷ ΰ Ͽ
ƴ϶ ó 繰鿡 Ͽ ̹ ߴٴ ̴.
̶ ϴ ̸, Ͽ ǥ ̴.
Ÿ°, ƴϸ ( ) Ÿ° Ͽ ̸ö ϱ
ϴ ϱ⺸ٴ ʴ Ѵٰ Ѵ.
ɵ ϰ DZ ̴.
̸öп , 繰 ǥ Ӹ ƴ϶
ൿ ϴ ִٰ Ѵ. ̰ ̸ö ٺ
ݿϴ ̷̴. Ĵϻ带 ϰ ü ̸翡 ϸ
츮 ǹ μ, ̷ ǹ ϰ
ִٴ ̴.
ν ټ° μ ̸ö ط̶ . ط̶
ϴ ϱ Ͽ ݵ ûǴ, ʴ
ʿ μ Ѵ. ̷ ߸ Ѵٴ
̴.
̸ö ް ִ ƴ϶ ġ ü̴.
ʴ , ̶ ھƿ ϸ,
ʿ ϴ ´ٰ Ѵ. ü ȿ
Ƶ ´ٴ
ȵǰ ְ ȴٴ ̴. ٽ ؼ ̶
Ͽ õ Ӽ
ϱ
Ͽ, Ͽ ڵ ھƿ Ǵ ʴ μ
ǰ ̴.
̸ö ֵĴ ̶ ν
Ѵ. Ѵٴ ƴ ϳ ν
̶ ̴. 츮 ʴ´ٴ ؼ .
ֳϸ ʴ 츮 ڱؽų ̴. ٰ
߷п Ͽ ִ ͵ ƴϴ. ߷ Ϸ 츮 ̹
̿ ֿ踦 ˰ ־ Ѵ. ̰ Ṯ
ذ ϰ ִ ̴. ̳ ߷п Ͽ νĵ
.
ٰ ̳ Ͽ ִ ͵ ƴϴ. ̶ ؼ ƴ
͵ ƴϰ ٰؼ ƴ ͵ ƴϱ ̴. ᱹ 츮 ü
ƴ ν μ ؾ Ѵٴ ̴. ̰ ̶
θ ̴.
̶ ؼ ˷ ִ ƴϴ. ִ
Ȳε ұϰ ʴ 쿡 Ǵ ̶ Ѵ.
̸ Ÿ缺 Ͽ öа ٸ ظ ִ. ̸翡
ü Ÿ缺 ϰ ־ Ÿ缺
Ͽ ٸ Ÿ ʿ ʴ´ٴ ̴.
װͿ ڿ Ų. ߿ ǽ ϴ 찡
ְ Ǹ 츮 ߷п Ͽ Ʋȴٴ ִ.
Ÿ缺 ϴ ڸϿ ߷ ʿ , 츮 켱 װ ϰ
ൿѴٴ ̴. ̷ 쿡 츮 ǽ
ϴ ϰ ൿؾ Ѵٴ ̴. ڸϴ.
̸Ĵ ٸ ǽ ϱ⸸ ϸ
ʿ ٴ ̴. ̷ ̸ м ν
Ÿ缺 ̷̶
θ. ̿ ̸Ĵ ̷е鵵 ⼭ Ѵ.
ν Ÿ缺 Ͽ ī νķа ϰ
ν 3 ϰ ִ. θ 巯 ̿
ÿ װ ü ü 巯ٰ Ѵ. ī ϸ
ھ ν, ν, ν ν̶ ν ϰ
ִ. ⼭ ھƴ νĿ ־ üμ ˷
δ νĵ
ʴ´ٰ Ѵ. ھƴ İ θ 巯 ڸ 簡
ƴ϶ Ѵ. Ÿö ھư ٸ ϳ.
Ÿ缺 ϸ鼭 īʹ
ν ʴٰ . ϸ θ ν .
ġ հ θ ǵ帱 Ͱ ̴. ̶
ھ ·μ ھư ƴ ۿ̴. θ 巯
ھƿ Ͽ ˷ٴ Ƿκ ߸Ǿ ˷
̴. ģϰ Ȥ ̹ ƴ Ÿ 츮 ̷κ
̷ ־ ȴٴ ̴.
3 ̸ ̻
̸ 켱 ϰ ȥ ŭ
Ѵ. 踦 ϰ ִ ҵ Ǵ Ģ
ۿϰ ִ. , ȥ μ ¾ Ǵ ü
ϴ Ǿ μ Ǿ ִ
̴.
̸ ̻ ü ·ö
ϰ ִ. ߿ ̴ ·öп ϰ ִ
հ հ ı, ڿ ȥ 踦 Ű â
縦
̸ ʿ伺 Ѵ. α Ϲ Ƶ̴
ֱ â ı ݺ ʴ´. 谡
ϰ ִٴ ȥ ֱ Ѵ.
ڿ ϸ ٰ Ѵ.
ڵ ൿѴٰ . ̶
ȥ ü 迡 ̸, ȥ ڱ ü
ϰ ̶ ̴.
â Ŷϰ ϰ ִ. ״ â
Ƽ ߴٴ ٰ Ѵ.
ʾҴٸ â , ־ٸ â
̹
ߴٴ ̴. â . ֳϸ
ó ߴ ƴϱ ̴. ˾
踦 âߴٴ 뼭 ̶ Ѵ. ܼ ڱ ſ
Ͽ 踦 âߴٸ ״ ູ ٴ Ͱ Ǹ װ
ٻ Ͽ
־⸸ ϴ ȴ. ̷ Ÿö 嵵 ݹϿ ϱ⸦,
ڰ ϴٸ 赵 ؾ ̸ ¿
â . ٸ Ųٸ
常 . ڿ ̶
ŵ ٰ Ѵ. Űö
Ѵ. ״ ϱ⸦ â °
̶ Ѵٸ ʿ ʷϴ ΰ ̶ µ
ߴ° ݹѴ.
̸ö ְ Ѵٴ ǹ̿ ŷ Ǵ
ھ Ҹ꼺 ۿ . ̸ö ھ ü ϴ
ұ ظ Ŷϰ Ѵ. ұ ϸ ھƶ
信 شٰ Ѵ. ó Ͱ
ü ̳
ȣۿ Ұϴٰ Ѵ. Ӹ ƴ϶ ڱⰡ ൿ
´ٴ ո ٰ Ѵ.
Ͽ ü ٸ ü Ű ִ° ǽɽ ȸ
͵ DZ ƴٰ Ѵ. ȥ 縦 ϱ Ͽ
Ѵ. ü ҵ
Ѵ. ü ϳ ü ü ͵ װ װ ٽ
Ÿ Ͽ Ѵٴ Ѵٰ Ѵ. 츮 ' '
ϴ ͵
ƴ϶ Ѵ. ̶ ͵ ü ֱ
̶ Ѵ.
츮 ̹ ̸öп Ÿ缺 ִ.
ī θ 巯 ڸ ϰ ִٰ Ѵ.
̸Ŀ ϸ ھ ü ̳ ʴ.
ھ
ڸ ٰ ؼ öпó
ٰ Ѵ. ī ϸ ھƴ 츮 νȰ ʿ
Ǹ ̷ νȰ Ͽ 巯ٰ Ѵ. ƴ νȰ
־
ھƴ üμ 巯ٴ ̴. ߸ ν ' ν'
Ǵ ̴. ̿ Ͽ ھǽ ǽ ϴ
ƴ϶
Ѵ. 츮 ھƿ ؼ ھǽ
μ 츮 ھƸ ִٴ ̴. Ĵ ؿ ݴѴ.
ֳϸ
ٷ ھǽ̶ ü Ұϱ ̴. ھư ǽ ü ü
ÿ ٴ ̴. ü ü 縳
̴.
4.Ż
̸Ĵ ̿ ñ ɻ
ö̴. 信 ־ ùٸ
ν õ ̻ ϴ ظ ־.
, ߿ Ÿ ھ Ż,
ü ȸ ӹκ ְ ̻
ϰ Ǿ. Ż̶ ھư ü
ϰ ϴ Ѵ.
ھ ¿ ƹ ν̳ 赵 .
ʴ´. ھƴ ̳ ü
ʱ ̴.
̸Ĵ Ż ̸ μ ھƸ ƴ İ ǹ
ؽ ϰ ϴ Ѵ.
ٰٵŸ ϴ karma-yoga õ ߽ϴ ̴.
ν ̸ö ǹ
Ż 䱸 ÿ Ű ̴.
17. ̷ Ÿö
1. ī Ÿö
Ÿ veda anta Ȥ ̶ Ĵϻ带
Ű ̴. ÿ Ÿ ñ̰ Žϴ
Ĵϻ ö ü ؼϰ Ų öü踦 ĪѴ. Ÿö
ε ö ڵ ִ
öμ 1000 Ͽ ٸ ĵ Ȱ ־ еϰ
ö̴. Ÿö ٺμ Ĵϻ ü ̰, Ĵϻ
ö ̳ ٸ ֵǴ ٰٵŸ Ĵϻ پ
ö ϰ ü ܸϰ ϴ Ÿ Ȥ 帶濡 ϰ ִ.
帶 1 ε ι Ǵ ٴٶ߳ ڷ
4-5濡 ̸ · ϼ .
ٶ帶濡 ϸ 常 ڰ ִ.
常 ټ ٰϸ ΰ ̷е
ټ Ҿ ٰŰ ִ. 常 ְ, ΰ ,
ü, ()μ ѺҸ ̴.
Ӱ Ű μ ̴.
常 ̱ ϸ, â̱ ϴ. 常
Ͽ 踦 ϸ, ̷ μ
常 ٸ ʴ. 谡 常κ ( ,
ϴ), dz(ٶ), ȭ(), (), () Ǿ , ټ
Ұ ٽ 常 ư , ҸѴٰ Ѵ.
â Ӱ (ư Ҹ) ݺȴ.
ξ( ϴ ϴ) 常 κ̸
װͰ ٸ ( )̷ Ǯ
ϰ ִ. ( , , ) ƴϰ
̴. λ ñ 常 Ż ִ.
Ż μ 常 ϰ
常 ڴ ŵ
Ŀ 常 ̸ 常 Ѵ. ̷ Ż ڴ â
ϰ ڿ ϼ ٰ Ѵ.
츮 ̹ Ĵϻ ö ı , ٺ Űsamkhya
Ǿ ҰŴϿ Űö ̿
Կ , Ĵϻ ̿ ݹϿ Ĵϻ
Ͽ ȣϷ ־ ȴ. 帶
̷ Űö ŷ ̿ ϰ ִ ̴.
帶 ̰ ؼ üμ ϱ
κ ִ. ļ öڵ
ּ , ̵ ּ ٸ ö ؼ ص
̹Ƿ ڿ Ÿö ü ּ ߽ Ͽ
ĵ ǰ Ǿ.
Ÿöڵ 踦 ٺ ٸ ü
ӿ ľϷ ٿ ظ ôϰ پ Ŀ
ϳ ñ̰ 簡 ִٴ Ͽ .
ñ , ȥ
踦 ϴ° Ÿöڵ ȣ ̸ ְ
ִ ̴. ñ (常̶ θ) Բ ٸ ü
鵵 ϸ 踦 ü ȣ ۿ ϵ 常
ʿϰ ʿϰ ϰ ϴ ϴ
ذ ִ°ϸ, ٸ δ
常 پ缺 ڱ⸦ μ Ÿ ·μ ϴ
ذ ִ. ϸ ٸ 忡 پ缺 Ϲ
常 ִ ϰ , ˰
ʴ ľϴ ִ ̴.
ϴ 常 ּ ǰ
800濡 ī 帶ҷμ
° ȣ ؼ̴. ī ּ Ͽ 츮
帶濡 ؼ ذ Ͽ ִ.
Ư ī ö ̷(ƴ , , ) ö
Ÿ ؼ ־ ִ. 츮 ̹ 帶 ü
ö ī ̷ öа ٸ ̸ ְ
̷ ؼ ٵ Ĵgovindapada Ͽ, Ȥ
, Ĵ gaudapada ö
ִ. Ĵٴ Űīīmandukya-karika Ű Ĵϻ
ö ٷ ڷμ, װ ״ 츮 ƴ ó ö
̷ Ÿö ϰ ִ ̴. ī Ű īī
ּ ű⼭ ī ̷ ö Ĵٿ Ͽ μ
ãٰϿ Ĵٿ Ÿ ִ.
Ĵٴ ºұ ( , )̳ Ļ
ڷμ, 츮 ̵ ұöп ϴ ̳
߰ ִ. ״ Ĵϻ ö Ÿ ħ ġѴٰ
Ͼ ó δ. ״ ü ϴ Ұ
ȯ Ͽ Ÿ ̸ پ缺̳ ̿ 볳
ʴ´ٰ Ѵ. ñ 忡 ' ִ
̸ ܺ 質 ӿ Ÿ 質 츮 һμ
̶ Ѵ. ġ ӿ ̶ ϴ Ͱ ̴ .
迡 ְ ̳ ü ü鵵 , 굵 ΰ
, ӹڵ 絵 Ż ϴ ڵ . ϳ Ʈ
̴. Ĵٴ Ʈ Ѵ. ξƴ
ѵ Ͱ ̳ ᱹ ϳ Ʈ ϴ ̴. ڴ 䰡
Ͽ ̿ νĿ Ѵٴ ̴.
Ĵٴ ̷
常 Ÿö ̴. '' ̹ "Ÿ
Ÿ Ĵ " 'ٰٵ Ÿ' Ÿ , ű⼭ ߶
θ پ缺 ϴ â ǹߴ. ߴ
νְ , Ȥ 츮 ̴ ȯμ ϰ Ǿ, ̰
Ÿٿ ͼ Ȥ ǰ ̴. ī
̷ Ÿ ؼ ٷ ǥϴ ̴.
2 ī ̷ Ÿ ö
Ĵ ö Ͽ ̾ ̷ Ÿ ö 뼺Ų
ī. ״ "긣ϵ ƶϾī Ĵϻ" ֿ Ĵϻ忡
ּ "ٰٵ Ÿ" ּ . ö
߿ "帶" ּ "帶"μ ⼭ ״
Ÿм 鼭 ̷ Ÿö Ȯ ̴.
״ ε μ ε ϰ ٴϸ鼭 ڱ м Ͽ.
Ӹ ƴ϶ ״ ڱ öп õ Ͽ ұ ó
Ⱑڵ ü õ Ҿ 常
߱Ͽ. ī ұ Ͽ ؼμ ٶ
￡ ũ ÿ ̹ ִ ұ ū Ÿ ϰ ̴.
ī ϸ ϴ پ缺 ʿ
常̶ ̴. װ ̴. 常
̸ ƹ ü̴. 常
Ĵϻ ΰ ھƷμ (tad tvam asi, aham brahma asmi)
ϴ ڸ ̴. 常 Ӽ ƴ϶ 常
ü̴. μ 常 Ȥ Ʈ ھƷμ
ǽϰų Ȯ ̴. ֳϸ ϴ ü
ھƸ ϰ ֱ ̴. ÿ ھƴ ν ü̱
ȭϿ ִ ƴϴ. ھƴ 츮 ۿ
νȰ Ͽ Ŀ ߾ ְ ִ ΰ μ
ü ν Ѵ.
ī ־ ɷ , ִ
Ѵ. 'ȴ' ٸ 迡 Ͽ
巯ٴ ̴. Ŀ 缺 ϰ
Ǵ ̴. ̷ ǹ̿ ī ϸ ھƴ
̴. 츮 ̹ ִ ھ ¿ Ĵϻ öε
Ÿ ϴ ͵ ٷ ̴. ִ ¿ ٰ
ִ ¿, 鿡 ִ ̰ų ̰ų ϰ
ϰ ִ μ ھƾ߸ ̴.
ī ϸ ̷ ھư ٸ ƴ 常̿, 常
Ѵ. ٸ 츮 տ ̴ ϻ پ 踦 ī
ϴ°? ī ϸ ϳ 常 츮 ȯ
̸ Ÿ ̰ ȴٰ Ѵ.
常 ʴ´ٴ ̴. ī ̷ 常
̶ θ. 踦 常κ 常
Ǵ ̷̴. 常
̳ ڴ 踦 常 ڴ 踦 常
̰ ִ ̴. ο ̹ Ѵٰ ϱ
ֵdz, 常 θ ϰ
̶ ݸ鿡, 常 ̴.
ī ϸ 絵 ƴϰ 絵 ƴ ϱ, ̴.
ֳϸ 常 ̸ 常 ٰؾ ϴ
. ÿ 踦 ŸԲ ϹǷ
̴. ī ϸ 츮 Ͽ 繰 ϰԲ
ϸ, ٸ 繰 Բ ϴ Ź ִٰ Ѵ. ο
濡 ϴ Ͱ ٴ ̴. ϴ
常 Ȥ Ʈ ε Ͽ 踦
ٴ ̴.
ī ϸ Ͽ 츮 ƹ Ӽ
常 踦 âϰ ϴ μ νѴٰ Ѵ.
ΰ ɵ̸ ٸ °
ȣϴ ̴. ī 常, ƹ Ӽ 常
Ӽ 踦 âϴ 常 Ѵ.
ڴ ̳ Ӽ̳ ѵ Ƿ ؼ
츮 δ ǥ ̴. Ĵϻ忡
" ƴϰ ƴϴ" ǥۿ ̴.
Ͽ üǴ ̴. ݸ鿡
ΰ μ Ǹ Ӽ ϰ , ÿ ѵ
̴. ΰ ΰ 迡 츮
Ǵ ̴. ī ̷ ' 常' ' 常' ϰ
δ Ͽ ȥϱ Ѵ.
常, ñ ְƸ ѵ ξƷ
ŸԲ Ѵ. ξƶ ٽ ؼ ְư Ʒ Ÿ Ǵ
ھƵ ̴. ġ س ϳ 뿡 ĥ
Ÿ Ͱ ٰ Ѵ. Ȥ Ѿ ȿ ѵ Ÿ
̴ Ͱ Ѵ. ̷ Ƹ ѵ ξƷ ŸԲ ϴ
츮 DZٰ ΰ ̸, ΰ
һ ̴. ϴ 츮 ѵ ھư
̸ δ ھ 常 ü Ƽ Ż
ȴٴ ̴.
̻ 常 常, ְƿ ξ İ
, Ȥ ñ ʷѴ.
ī ö Ͽ Ͽ ν ü ؾ߸
̴. ñ ξƿ â
ξƿ â, Ż,
ȸ ϴ ̶ ̴. ī ̿
̷п ؼ ٿ 'Ÿ' '帶' ö Ͽ ؼ
־ ̴. и ٴ ξ, , ȸ, Ż, â, 缺
ϴ κ ִ. ٶμ ī ̵鵵
̹Ƿ ̴. ᱹ ״ ü ؼ
ذߴ ̴. , ñ ̲
ġ μ, ٴ ڸ ġ ִٴ ̴. ᱹ ü
پ缺 迡 ϴ μ Ͽ 츮 Ͽ ϰ
ٿ νĿ ϰ ϴ ̴.
̻ پ缺 ϰ ְƸ Ϲ
缺 ϴ ī ö ̷ Ÿ ö̶ θ.
⼭ Ѱ ñ 谡 ̶
' '̳ '䳢 ' ٰŰ
ٸٴ ̴. 常̶ 縦 ٰŷ Ͽ Ÿ
ǹ ȯ ƴ ̴. ī ұ ö ְ
ôѴ. ī ϸ ܰ谡 ̱ ϳ, öп ϴ Ͱ
μ ְ ƴ϶ ϴ ̶ ̴.
ܼ ϴ ƴ϶ Ǵ ̱ ̶
Ѵ.
λ ְ ǥ Ż ִ. ī ϸ Ż Ŀ
ؼ ϴ. ſ 赵 Ż
ñ ٰ μ 츮 迡 Ŵ ̴.
̳ ߷п Ͽ ־ ͵ ƴϴ. ,
ηκ ٰ Ѵ. Ư Ĵϻ
ħ ߿ϴ. ī ϸ ٴ ü ſ Ͽ μ
̶ Ѵ. ̰ Ǵ ̴.
츮 ̷ ̷ Ͽ īö 뼺 ִ ̴.
Ͽ ο Ҿ , Ư Ĵϻ
ϰ ϰ ݺϴ ͵ ȴٰ Ѵ.
ξư ְƶ ƴ , پ缺 ȸ 谡 ȯ
̶ ıѴٰ Ѵ. ڿԴ ʰ
ü ̻ ʴ ̴. Դ Ѿ ǹ
ʴ´ٰ Ѵ. ī ϸ ¿. ̹
߾ϱ , ǰ ִ ı ٰ Ѵ.
ȹ ڶ а Ѵٰ Ѵ.
ġ ΰ Ŀ ؼ ư Ͱ
Ѵ. ڴ ı װͿ Ͽ
̻ ʴ´. ̰ Ż ̸ Ŀ μ ü
ŻŻ ϴ ̴.
ڴ 常 ڱ ھƷ ϰ â ϰ
Ѵ. ī ϸ ̷ ȥ Ŀ ŵ Ͽ
常 Ѵ. ´ Ż ƴ ع Ͽ
İ Ż ̸ٰ Ѵ. ̺ٵ ܰ ĵ ĵ
μ ̸, ̵ Ŀ
Ͽ ű⼭ Ǵٽ ¾ٰ Ѵ.
ȸ ü Ǵ ξ̸, ξƴ һ ΰ
ϰ Ŀ Ѵٰ Ѵ. 츮 ģ ü Ŀ ҵ
ǵư ξƴ ٸ ΰ Բ ϴ ̴. ̷ ΰ鿡
DZٰ , , ִ. ⼭ ̶ ü
ϴ ƴ϶ ɷ Ȥ ϸ, ü ĸ Ŀ
Ǵ 'ü ϴ ̼ ҵ' ǹѴ. ̷ ΰ
츮 Ż ξƵ鿡 Ǿ ٴѴٴ ̴.
̹ۿ ξƴ ̷ Ǹ ϴ ΰ ϰ ִٰ Ѵ.
3. ī ̷ Ÿö
ī ̷ ö εöл翡 ־ ó
״ ε μ ߾ӹ Դ. ö
ڵ ڵ鿡 Ͽ Ȱ Ǿ 鿡
ٽ ּ Ǿ.
ī ĵ帶Ĵ(9) "帶" ó 4 ī
ּ "ĵī" ߿ ּ
īƮ(1100) "ĵī" ϳ ָ Ҵ.
ī ٶ īö ü ٷ
"̽ī߽̾˵" ī "긣ϵƶī Ĵϻ" ּ
ָ . ī ϳ Ƴٱ⸮ "帶"
Ͽ "ľߴϸ" ָ ߴ. 9 Ƽ̽
"ϸƼ" ּ Ἥ īö ؼߴ.
θٳֳƮ ī ҿ ߷ "ũĻī'
伭 ߴ.
̵ ī ڵ鿡 ־ ǵ ߿ ϳ , Ǵ
ȯ ġ . ̵ ü ȯ Űö
ũƼ پ缺 踦 Ű â Ҵ.
ī ־ ܼ 谡 Ÿ Ǵ ̾ٴ
Ϳ ߾ ī ڵ üȭؼ
ִ. 踦 ŸԲ ϹǷ
ٰ ٰ Ѵ. ֳϸ Ͽ
Ǹ ᱹ 常 ̱ ̴. ̵ ̷ öڵ
̶ Ѵ. , Ȥ
ΰ ̴. 츮 ⼭ ѷ öڵ ڼ
. ִ.
ϳ 常 ٰŸ ΰ 常 ϴ ̶ ̰,
ٸ ϳ ξƿ ٰϸ 常 Ǵ
ٴ ̴. ٳ̽ Ƽ̽ Ÿöڴ
ڸ ϰ Ƽ ּ ̸ 'ϹƼ'Ķ θ.
ݸ鿡 ٶ, ĵ帶Ĵ, īƮ, 縣곪Ʈ ڴ
ظ ϰ ̵ īƮ ּ ̸
'ٶ'Ķ θ. 常 ٰŸ дٰ ϴ ̷
常 ü ã´ٴ ̳, 常 ٰ
常 ü پ缺 å ְڴ°̴.
ݸ鿡 ǰ ξ̸ 常 ϴٰ ,
常 ϳ ֵǴ ̸ ε ȯ
Ѵٴ ̴. ξư ̹ 깰ε ξƿ
ϰڴĴ ̴. ᱹ 踦 常
帶 ִ ٺ ִ ̴.
ī ̷ ö ϸ(A.D 1150) ĩī(A.D
1220) Ͽ Ӱ Ǿ. ߿ ö
' ̹'̰, ڴ ϸ ٰ ּ Ӹ ƴ϶
' '̶ . ̵ Ư ̷ 忡
迡 ־ ֵ ؼ ö ߴ.
ϸ ϰ ڽ ö ϱ⺸ٴ
ֵ ߸ ı ַϿ.
ᱹ 常 ֿ ʿ
̴. һ̹Ƿ ,
常 ٰŷ Ͽ и Ÿ ̴ ̹Ƿ ,
Ұ ̴. ϸ ϸ ̷ ̰ Ұ
迡 Ͽ ָ äϿ м ϰ Ѱ踦 ϴ ñ
ǹϸ ڱ ̴. ϸ ö
ϴ ֵ ǿ ϰ Ÿġ , ᱹ ֵ
ϴ ƴ϶ ̸, ̰ ü ñ
Ѵٴ ̴. ϸ ڽ DZ ؼ
ö ǰ ᱹ ü ϸ, ñ ƾ
ϰ, ü ü 迡 Ÿ ̶ Ѵ. ϸ
ö ֵ Կ ־ ַ پ߳ ǵ Ͽ
ǵ Ÿġ Ϸ ݸ鿡, ĩī ư ֵ
ǻӸ ƴ϶ ֵ ü Ϸ Ͽ. ״ ̷ ı
ĻӸ ƴ϶ ' ' ̷ Ÿ ߿ 鿡 Ͽ
ڽ ؼ ϰ ִ. װ ߰ö ü ̸ ֵ
κ ȫȣϰ ָ ̴. ״ ϱ⸦ ü
迡 Ȱϴ ϴ ̹Ƿ ñδ ̰
ϳ̴ٶ Ѵ. 츮 ӿ ִ 츮
ۿ ü ǽ ٴ ̴. ̷ ش 谡 䳢 ̳
ɰ ٰž 簡 ƴ϶, ̱ ϳ 常̶
翡 ٰϿ Ÿ ̶ ̷ Ÿö ̴.
3 ö
18 ̷ Ÿö
1. ̷
ī ̷ Ÿö , Ĵϻ ö
ϰִ ü ؼ εö ַ
ϰ Ǿ. ī ö 鿡
ϰ ־. ù° ΰ ſ žִ ī
öп ñ ٰ ƴϰ
̶ ̴. ſ ž
ְ ϴ α ڵ鿡Դ ī ö ſ
Ҹ ̾. ̷ ö
ΰ Ű ȥ̶ ȯ 常
ȯ Ÿ , ȥ ӹڰ ȸ ͵ ᱹ
ȯ̸ Ż ̴. ī ̶ ᱹ
° ߱ ñ ǹϰ
ʷѴٴ ϱ ̴.
츮 ̹ ı Ĵϻ "ٰٵ Ÿ" öл ٽŰ
ſ ž Ÿ ִ ҰŴϿ
߽ žӿ ȮǾ ε Ȱ
ϰ Ǿ. ± 200濡 ü ϼǾٰ
"ϹŸ" "߳" ÿ ̷ žӿ ݿǾ
, ٵ Ǫ Ҹ ο ӿ
ǥ Ǿ. Ǫ ó, ٸ ϴ ĵ
ۿ ü, ŵ ε 躸 "" ٷ ִ ̾.
ٽ ڵ 鿡ٰ
ž ΰϿ 1000 Ǫ
Ͽ. ̵ Ǫ ־ ٺٵ
κ α Ȱ ϰ ̴.
Ư ȭ ֵǴ ũ
̾߱⸦ ϵ " Ǫ"
"ٰŸ Ǫ" Ͽ ȭǰ Ǿ.
Ӹƴ϶ Ÿ ڵ ȭŵ鿡 ž
Ͽ Ż ž
ϴ ū ߴ. ڵ ŷο
ſ ̳ ϰ Ż ð
ϰ ϴ Ǫǽ ״.
⼭ 츮 Ǫ ǥ μ " Ǫ"
캼 ʿ䰡 ִ. ֳϸ Ǫ Ÿ ִ
ļ ڸ Ÿ
öп ϰ ֱ ̴.
" Ǫ" "ϹٶŸ" ǰ ִ Ʈ
Ҹ ž Ŀ Ͽ μ ƮĴ
"ϹٶŸ" "Żǰ" õ̶ 嵵
ߴٰ .
" Ǫ" ö ߿ Ǹ â
ֱ ȭ ȭ ũ ̴̾߱. " Ǫ"
常μ ڱ ڽ ȿ ָ
ϰ ִ. ״ Ű ڸ սŰ иŰ
ð · ϸ ڸ â ϳ μ
Ѵ. â ü Űöп ϴ
¸ ߸
ֱ Ű ڱԿ ؼ Ѵ. κ
ȭ ̷ κ ҵ Ͽ
ϳ Ŵ ˰ Ͽ ְ ȴ.
â 帶 · ϴð
߱ âϸ Ű ϰ Ѵ. ״
μ 踦 ϴٰ ı
μ 踦 ҷν ıϰ ָ ϳ
. ִ θ ū
· .
帶 âκ ı ̸ Ⱓ ϰŶ θ
帶 Ϸ Ұϴٰ Ѵ. ϰŵȿ
Ҹ ֱ ϸ 4 Ǿ մ.
̴ ΰԴ 4320000̸ ŵ鿡Դ 12000 شѴ.
4 ũŸ 4800(ŵ), ƮŸ
3600, Ķ 2400, Į 1200 Ǿ,
ϴ ΰȸ ° ҹ ϸ
ΰ ȴٰ Ѵ. ̷
1000 ݺǴ ϰ̸ ̰ 帶
شѴٴ ̴. Ϸ 帶
ִ ̴. ̷
帶μ 踦 ٽ âϰ
帶 ۵Ǵ ̴. ̻ 帶
360 100Ⱓ̳ ӵǾ ݺǸ Ⱓ ð
Ǿ Ÿ Ȧ Ǹ,
װ
ٽ ϸ ٽ Ǯ Ǵ ̴.
" Ǫ" ־ ļ ö ҷ Ų ϳ
ȭ ȭ ֵǴ ũ μ
̴̾߱. Ư 기ٹٳ Ǵ ũ
Ƴ ̾߱ ΰ ȥ Ű
Ÿ ¡μ öл ߴ ġ Ǿ.
žӿ ± 6濡 ̸ ε
Ÿ濡 μڵ鿡 Ͽ ο
Ǿ. ̵ ,, Ǫ 꽺ũƮ
Ÿо ÿ 뷡 Ű ٽſ
뷡ߴ. ν ٵ ξ
̰ ž ħ ǥϰ ̴.
ΰ μ 常 ̶⺸ٴ
ΰ Ű üϴ ̾.
̵ Ÿ μڵ ÿ 뷡 ڿ
ǰ Ǿ ̵ Ŀ
߿ ϰ Ǿ.
Ŀ 10濡 ߳ Ҹ μڵ
Ƽ 12 Ͽ, ̰ ̹ ˴Ÿ ߿
̷. ̹ ˴Ÿ 13 Ͼ ϳμ Ű
ΰ , ΰ ˿ ϸ, ٽžӿ ϳ
, ö ߴ. Ĵ 11 ˹ٸ
Ҹ μڵ 뷡 Ͽ 4000ø ߴ.
ŸϿ Ͽ ԵǾٰ ϸ
İڵ õ 뷡ϸ ž
ǥߴ. ˹ٸ ô Ư ũ Ƴ
ݰ ΰ Ű ̻ 踦 ¡ϴ
μ ߴ. ŸϿ İڵ ̽ٶ
ĸ ߴ.
̽Ĵ ̹ ˴ŸĿʹ
Ͽ ڱ žӰ ħϷ ϴ
꽺ũƮ ö Ͽ Ÿ Ѿ ε
ġ Ǿ. ̷ ̴Ͻ
ö ǥϴ ڿ. ״ ε
Ÿ濡 ¾ ̽ μ, ſ
ž 뼺 ž ȣϱ Ͽ "帶 "
"ٰٵ Ÿ" ּ Ἥ ī ̷ ö Ŷϰ
ϰ Ÿö Ǿ. ķκ
ī ̷ Ÿö ̿ µ鿡 Ͽ
ް Ǿ.
ٿ װ ִ
̽ ž 뿡 ö װ ϴ
̽ ߹ ̹ ãƺ ִ. ߹
Ÿ ̸ İڷμ "ٰٵ Ÿ" ؼ
"Ÿǰ" "Ÿ" ؼ ־.
߹ "˵Ʈ" Ű߿ ľö
ξƿ 谡 ְŰ ϰ ִ.
ڴ ٷ ̷ ߹ ̾ Ű ϼŲ
ö̴. ״ "帶" ּ "" ڱⰡ
پ߳ "帶" ؼ ϰ ִ.
2. ̻
̻ ؼ ī ̷ öа
Ű ̿ ö Ȥ ߰ ö ִ. ״
īö ٺ 常 缺 ϸ鼭
ȿ Űö ̷ , Ǫ ũƼ
Ϸ Ѵ. ڿ ϸ 常 ̴.
常 ī ̷ Ÿó ƹ Ӽ
ΰ 簡 ƴ϶, Ӽ ΰ ̴.
ö ̷̶ θ. ٽ ؼ 常
پ缺 Ӽ ̴. Ӽ Ȥ ¿
ִ. ȥ̴. ȥ 常
ϸ, 常 ϰ 常
ü̴. ȥ 常 Ӽ̱
īöпó ȯ ƴ϶ ϴ ֵȴ. ڿ
־ "" ǹ ʰ â Ѵ.
ڴ ī ü̳, ̿ ٰ " 常" "
常" Ƶ ʴ´.
ڴ 常 , ȥ 踦 ȥ
ü 迡 Ͽ Ѵ, ȥ ü ٸ ü
ȥ ȥ ü ϴ ̴. ̿
ȥ ̸ ̵ ſ
ϰ ִٴ ̴. Ȥ ڴ Ű 踦 ü
κ μ ϱ Ѵ. ȥ κе ٴ
̴.
ī ڴ 谡 常 ϰ
, ī 常 ݸ鿡
ڿ ־ ̹ 常 ȿ Ͽ ִٰ κ
Ͽ ̴. ڿ ϸ 常
° ִ. ϳ 谡 常κ Ǿ
̰ų Ȥ 谡 üǾ 常 Ǿ ִ ·μ,
̰ 常 ¶ Ѵ. ٸ ϳ 谡
常κ Ǿ ·μ, ̰ 常
¶ θ.
常 ȿ κа ̸
ε ǰ ɵε , 常 ü ȭϰų
ʴ´. Ӽ µ鸸 ȭ ̴. 踦
ʿϴ ̴. ״ ǰ ϰ Ÿ
õ迡 ٸ ŵ ڵ ع ȥ Բ ϰ ִ.״
ü ü ӹ ʴ´. ֳϸ
ӹ̶ ݸ鿡 ٷ ̱ ̴.
谡 ü ̼ϰ ·
̷ κ ȥ
踦 Ųٰ
Ѵ. ̼ 켱 ȭ.. ̼
ҵ ٲ ̵ 츮 ϴ پ 踦 ̷ ̴.
ȭ... Ҵ Ʈٿ ڽ Ÿ Ｚ
Ÿٰ Ѵ. Űöа ڴ Ʈ,ڽ,Ÿ
Ұ ƴ϶ Ｚ .ڿ ϸ ڽ Ÿ
ʰ Ʈٸ Ư Ѵ.
̹ Ű ٴ Ű迡 ϴ μ,̳ ع
ڵ ϴ ִ 繰 ̷ Ư Ǿ
ִٰ Ѵ.
ȥ ٵ 常 ¿ Ϻ̱ ,
ϴ Ѵ.
̴.ȥ ũ⸸ ڵμ,
ΰ ̴. ȥ ũ⸸
ڵμ, ־ ϴٰ Ѵ. â
¿ ȥ ü ü¿
Ȥ ع ȥ üκ Ѵ.ȥ ȸ 迡
Ͽ ڽ ̵ ȥϰ ̴.̷ ȥ
ھǽμ Ƹ ȥ ִ ǽİ ٸٰ
Ѵ.
ȥ Ͱ ü̴.ȥ ü ־ ǽ
̴.ȥ ڰ ڽ ˱ ϰ ˱ ϸ ڱ ڽ
巯, 巯 Ѵٰ Ѵ. () Ͽ
ȥ 巯 ̴.ݸ鿡 ü 巯
Ѵ.ƴ ȥ ϴ ̱ ̴.ڴ
̸ īʹ ȥ 쿬
ƴ϶ Ѵ. ³ ع ¿
ȥ Ѵٴ ̴. ȥ ̱ ϳ,ٰ
ؼ ڴ īó ȥ ü Ȥ ̶ ʴ´.
ڿ ϸ ̶ . ̶ ü
ϸ ִ. ѰǾ ְ Ư Ӽ
ϰ ִ ̴.츮< ǽϰִ> ƹ < ̴>
ϴ ٴ ̴. ȥ ó ĵ ϸ
̰ ϰ ̶ Ѵ. 츮 Ѱ
ظ 츮 Ѱ踦 ȴٴ ̴.
İ ȥ ִٰ Ѵ.
迡 ҿ ȥ ǵ帮 ƴϴ.
ع ȥ İ ູ ̴.
3 Ż
ڿ ϸ ȥ ع Ÿ ؼ ̷ٰ Ѵ.
ؼ ڴ īʹ , ʿ Ѵ.
״ ־ Ǫ ̸
Ÿ ̸縦 Ѵ. Ǫ ̸ Ÿö
غμ ֵǸ ڰ ϱ ϸ
ȥ ȭ ȴٰ Ѵ. ־ Ͽ
ϴ ī ̸ ְ ִ ̴.
ڿ ϸ Ż̶ ñ ȥ ٸٴ Ŀ Ͽ
̶ Ѵ. ڰ ϴ ̶ ܼ Ÿöп
ذ ƴ϶ 䰡 Ͽ μ, ̷
ȥ ӹڰ ȸ κ عŲٰ Ѵ. ̷
κ ع ȥ ü ϰ ϱ ϳ Ű
Բ ϴ ູ Ѵٰ Ѵ.̷ ְ ſ
õϴ ž 䰡 Ͽ ̴.
žֶ 䰡 Ͽ ̴.žֶ ſ Ӿ
ǹϸ,̷ žָ ϴ ڴ ſ
ڱ ܿ ʴ μ ϰ ִٴ
ݰ ȴٰ Ѵ.
ž 䰡 ٿ ʿ ϹǷ
. ڴ ̷ Ͽ
ϰ ִ. ϴ Ͽ ڱ ڽ
ϰ ϸ ñ ڴ ѿ Ͽ
ִٴ ̴.
ڴ Ż ʴ´.ȥ ü
, Ķ߸ μ Ż ̴.ڿ ־
ȥ ӹڰ ȸ Ÿ ȯ .
ڴ Ż ʴ´.Ű οȥ ̴
,ȥ ü ӹ ȸϰ,
Ʈ ູӿ Ű Ѵٴ
̴.
ڵ īŸ ߽ ϴ ٴٰĿ
ī߸ ߽ ϴ ٰķ иϰ Ǿ. Ĵ
Ѱ ΰ ¿ Ͽ ظ .ٴٰĿ ϸ
ޱ Ͽ 츮 θ ȭϷ ʿϴٴ ̴.
ġ ̰ Ӵ Ŵ Ͱ 츮 ϰ
ޱ Ͽ ſ Ŵ ؾߵȴٴ ̴.
ݸ鿡 ٰĴ ޱ Ͽ ΰ
ʿٴ ̴. ġ ̰ ڱ ÷
ϵ ε鿡Ե ϸ ȸ κ Ѵٴ
̴. ö İڵ鿡 Ͽ µǾ, ü
ī ϳ Ÿö ϻ
ö ɷ ϰ پ ߴ.
19 Ÿö
1. εö
Ÿö ϴ ڿ Ͽ ī ̷а ž
ؼ , ö Ÿ翡
ġ Ǿ. ڸ ̾ Ÿ Ŀ
öڵ ȥ ϴ , ̵
ְμ 常 踦 ڱ Ϸ Ͽ.
ڸ Ͽ ȥ 縦 ϸ鼭 ̷ ,
常 ϰ ִ ݸ鿡,
ȥ 常 ϰ Ǿ.
μ ڴ İ žֿ ν ؼϴ
ݸ鿡, ̵ ž Ÿ öڵ žָ Ӱ
Ͽ ε ݿϰ ִ ̴.
ڸ ȯ Ͽ ̵ ž 鿡 Ͽ
μ öе εö ϳ ū 帧 ϰ
Ǿ. ī ̷ ö Ư
ʿ ̾, Ÿöڵ Ư
忡 Ÿ ڱ ؼϰ ִ ̴.
ݸ鿡 ̿ ؼ ī ö Ư Ÿ
ʰ ǹμ ٶ鿡 Ͽ
ƿ ̴.
2. ̿ Ÿö
(Madhva, 1199-1278) ε Ƕ ¾
ٸ ϰ ڰ Ǿ. ״ īö
ڿ ̸ īö ź Ÿ
Ͽ ī ö ̿ Ÿö ϰ Ǿٰ
Ѵ. ״ Ű ȭ ũ ڷμ
ٴϸ鼭 ڱ ǿ
ũ Ȱ Ҵ.
ٴ . ״ '帶', 'Ĵϻ', 'ٰٵ
Ÿ', 'ϹٶŸ', 'ٰŸ Ǫ' ؿ , ڱ
Ÿö ȣϴ 'ؼ' ּ '' . ھƼŸ
ƼŸ Ƽ İڵ鿡 Ͽ
ּǾ. ٿ ڵ Ư ī ̿
Ÿö Ŷϰ Ͽ .
ٴ ν μ ߷а Ѵ. ùٸ
ν Ͽ Ͽ ϸ, ɼ ִ
ΰ Ͱ ȮǼ ΰ ִٰ Ѵ.
ٴ μ ΰ ڸ ʴ ̴. ν
ݵ ü üμ Ǹ ̴. νĿ ľǵǴ
ִٰ Ѵ. üμ
ھư ̴. ٿ ϸ 츮 ٸ ֿ
ǽ ü Ͽ Ÿ缺 Ȥ ڸ
οް ִٰ Ѵ. ̰ Ÿ缺 ̴.
Ӹ ƴ϶ 츮 νĿ ־ ν Ѵ Ͽ
νĵ ٰ ϴٰ Ѵ. ν̶
ִ ״ο ٸ νϴ ̴. ̷
̶ ϴ ٸ Ÿ
ƹ ʴ ƴϴ. 츮
̶ Ʋ ̴ , 繰
ٸ 츮 ִ ٴ
̴.
ٿ ϸ 翡 ִ. ϳ , ٸ ϳ
Ÿ ̴. Ÿ ̸ Ÿ еȴ.
ǽ ȥ ǽ ̳ ð ִ.
ǽ 翡 ó ͵ ְ ð, , ó
ϱ ϰ ʱ 絵 ,
ִ.
ٴ ī ̷ ö ұ
̷ Ŷ ϸ, 踦 ϴ
. ״ ڿ Ű ȥ ϰ
ڰ ߴ. ȥ , ȥ ȥ,
ȥ , Ű , 繰 ̴.
ϰ , Ʈ() ĩƮ()
Ƴ() ´. ״ âڿ ڿ, ı̴.
״ ڽ ¿ ȭ Ÿ Ż鿡 ϰ ִ.
ʿ̱ ϸ ȥ ڷμ ϴ
̴. ȥ ϰ ִ. ٴ
Ȱ ȥ ѵ ϰ ֱ
ϳ ȴٴ Ѵ.
ö δ ٿ ӵǰ
踦 ´ٴ ̿ ϰ ִ ̴. ٴ
ڿ Ű ( ȥ) 踦 ȥ
ų, 踦 Ӽ̳ · ʴ´. ȥ
ſ , Ű üμ Ѵ.
ɵ̱ ϳ ƴϴ. ⼭ ٴ 'Ĵϻ'
'ٰٵ Ÿ' ŷ κ ִ ̴. ̿
ö ̿ Ÿ θ, ī ̷̳
̷а Ѵ.
ȥ ϰ , ũ ־ ̶ Ѵ. ٿ
ϸ ̳ó ִ ü̴.
ȥ ؼ װ ִ ü ִ. ̷
鿡 繰 ִ Ű ٸ ̴. ȥ İ
ִ.
ҿ ϴ ̴. ȥ ,
İ ü̴. ٴ ȥ νı ̶
θ. ̰ Ͽ ȥ θ ǽϸ ̰ ȥ
Ǵ ̴. ٿ ϸ ȥ ε ϴٰ Ѵ.
ȥ ü Ư ٴ ̴. ع ¿
İ ̰ Ѵٰ Ѵ.
ȥ ο ȥ ع ȥ ӹڵ ȥ
ִ. â ΰȭ̸ Ƴ ֵǴ ̴
ٸ ŵ ο Ѵ. ӹڵ ȥ
ִ ȥ ȥ , ڴ
ȸ 迡 Ȳϴ ̴. ٿ ϸ ƹ
ȥ̶ κθ
̸, Ű ȥ ̴ Ѵٰ Ѵ. ȥ 常
.
ſ Ͽ ¸ Ǹ üÿ
繰 ٽ ǵư. ̼
̳ Ǿ ִٰ Ѵ. ٴ
· ϸ, ȥ ɷ ϴ
ִٰ Ѵ.
ٿ ϸ ǹ õ ȥ
, ٵ ƴ Ŀ Ͽ ϴٰ Ѵ.
̷ ؼ ΰ ʿϴ. ڿ
Ǫ µ ؼ ִ. ƴ
̶ 츮 ϰ ִٴ
´. ̰ ž̸ žִ ſ Ÿ. 츮
̷ Ͽ ´ٰ Ѵ.
ٷ ־ 츮 ӹκ Ӱ Ѵ.
ع ȥ Ŀ Ʈ
ӿ ູ ٰ Ѵ.
3. Թٸī ̷̺
Թٸī ڷ籸 ϴ ε ٶ̾. ״ ũ
ڷμ ũ Ѵٹٳ ε 濡
ϻ ´. Ȯġ 12 13 ι
ȴ.
Թٸī '帶' ּ 'Ÿ ĸŸ '
ڱ ö ϰ ϴ 'ʼ' .
ö Ϲٻ(14), ɻī̸(16) µǾ.
ɻī̸ 'Ÿ' ּ 'ظ' Թٸī ȣߴ.
Թٸī öп ϸƮ,
Ͻī, ߴٹٿ Ÿöڵ鿡 ǥǾ
̾ް ִ. ɵ̸ μ Ű
ϰ ٸ ϴٴ ̴. ״ ڿʹ
ȥ Ӽ̰ų Ȥ ̷ٴ ʴ´.
Ӽ̶ 縦 ٸ κ ִµ, ܿ κ
Ǿ ٸ ͵ ʴ Ӽ̶ ǹϴٰ Ѵ.
ȥ ̷ٰ ϸ, °
ҿԿ ӵ ̱ 踦 ٰ Ѵ.
ԹٸīԴ ȥ ſ ϰ , Ű
ǹѴ. ÿ ȥ Ƿ,
Ῡ Ű ǹѴٰ Ѵ. Թٸī
̷̺ Ѵ. ġ ¾ ¾, Ұ Ҳ, ĵ ó
Ű ϰ ٸ ϴٴ ̴.
ȿ ̹ ̼ϰ ϰ ִ ̳
ȯ ƴϴ. ڱ ȿ İ ǽ, ȥ ̶ ϰ
â Ǿ ̴.
̴. ״ â ȥ ˸´
ϴ ɵ̱ ϴ. Թٸī ־
ũ ϸ ũ ȭ ƴ϶ ̶ Ѵ.
Թٸī ũ ٸ â Ÿ
Ҵ.
ǽĹ ִ. ð κ ʴ
Ʈ̸, ڷμ ü ó Ǿ ִٰ Ѵ.
ȥ Ͽ . ȥ ع ؼ İ
ڱ ž, ʿϴ.
4. ߶ ̷
߶(1479 1531) ڷ籸 ٶ Ƶμ
¾. ״ Թٸī αٿ Ȱ ũ
ĸ âߴ. '帶' ּ 'ƴϽþ' 'ٰŸ Ǫ'
ּ 'ٰŸƼī ' , 'ȭؿ'̶ , ܿ
ߴ. ö Ƶ ŻŸ ۿ
⸮ٶ ٹ, ߶ũ Ÿ, ǪŸ Ͽ Ǿ.
ö 常 踦 ȯ Ҽ
ϴ ƴ϶ Ͽ ̷̶ θ. ְ Ż ´
žָ 濡 Ͽ ϴٰ ϱ
θ.
߶ٿԴ 常 ũμ, İ
̴. ҿ Ҳ , Ȥ ҷκ ϵ κ
´ٰ Ѵ. ȥ μ ü κ ó
Ű ϴٰ Ѵ. 常 Ͽ ȥ
Ű ǰ ٸ Ÿٰ Ѵ.
常 κʹ 谡 , κʹ ڿ
ȥ, κʹ ȥ ϴ ڰ ´ٰ
Ѵ. 迡 常 İ ְ, ȥ
ִ ̴.
ɵ̰ ̸ ӿ Ͽ ִ
̴. Ȥ ְ ڶ Ѵ.
ü̸ ̴. ü Ӽ Ÿ
Ÿ ڴ ϴٰ Ѵ. ͵ ߶ٿԴ
·öпó 踦 ǹϴ ƴ϶ ϼ Ѵٰ Ѵ.
߶ٿ ϸ ȯ̳ ڱ ڽ پ Ÿ
̸, ̷ Ÿ ̳ ȯ ƴ϶ ̶ Ѵ.
߶ٴ 踦 常 ε ε ʴ´.
ڿ μ ̰ ߶ٴ Һ̶ Ѵ.
߶ٴ ƯϰԵ 縦 Ѵ. ̹Ƿ
ϳ, 츮 ȥ , װ 常
ü( ߾) ȥ ü Ͻϴ
ϴ ̶ Ѵ. 糪
뵵 ̴. ( ȥ) 常 μ ϴ
츮 װ ߸ , ٽ 常
ٸ پ缺 , ʴ 㱸 ̴. ڿ
缺 ϸ鼭, ī 踦 깰
̴.
Ͽ ȥ Ѿ̴ ٰ Ѵ.
ĸδ ̸ ְ ĺٵ žֿ
Ͽ ϴٰ Ѵ. žִ ˸ ִ ѿ Ͽ
ñ ڿ ־ٰ Ѵ. ߶ٴ Ͽ
ü ̳ κ Ǹ ʿ ʴ´.
ѿ Ͽ ְ ڴ Ż̶⺸ٴ ũŰ
Բ ϴ 기ٹٳ Ѵٰ
Ѵ.
5. ŸϾ Ÿö
߶ٿ ô뿡 ε 濡 ŸϾ(1485 1533)
ڰ Ÿ ũ žӿ ߴ. ڵ
ũ ȭ ߾Ѵ. ŸϾߴ ʾ
Ŀ 糪Ÿ, ī ٿ Ͽ µǰ Ǿ.
ٴ Ư ŸϾ ֵǴ '' ߴ.
18 ʿ ͼ ߶ ٴĻ糪 öڰ ͼ ĸ
'ټ' Ἥ ö ̸ ߴ.
Ŀ 常 ũ̴.
Ͽ ۿϸ ڱ ڽ ȥ Ÿ.
켱 , Ȥ ķ ִ. ,
, , μ ۿѴ. ڽŰ װ ϴ
ϰ ϴ , ڽŰ Ÿ Ͽ ν ϴ ,
ڽŰ Ÿ Ͽ ϴ ̴.
, ߰ μ ȥ ִ. ״
Ͽ ڽ ȥ Ÿٰ Ѵ. ̷ Ÿ ȥ
ڽ ϰ ܰ迡 ڽ Ҿ δ
߱ϱ Ѵ.
Ȥ ȯ¿ Ͽ ڽ
Ÿٰ Ѵ. ־ ɵ̸ ÿ ̴. Ӹ
ƴ϶ Ͽ ڽ ð, , Ű
Ÿٰ Ѵ. ̷ ɷ
̴.
̻ οȥ μ ϴ ̳
ÿ ̴. Ű
ϰ ٸ ź 踦 ̷ٴ ̴. ̿
íŸϾ ö Ұ ̶ θ.
ȥ Ű ¾ ¾ Ȥ Ҳɰ Ұ μ
صǸ οȥ ſ ϰ ִ. Ż̶
ݰ ϰ ϴ žֿ Ͽ ־. žִ ΰ Ű ϵǾ
游ϰ Ǵ ȲȦ ġ ̲. ŸϾĿ
־ ̷ ġ 'ٰŸ Ǫ' ִ
ũ Ƴ, Ư ־ ̻
Ÿ ִ. ٴ ÿ ũ â Ÿ μ صǸ
ũ ϰ ٸ Ұ 踦 ̷ ִ
̴.
20 ö
1. ö
츮 忡 Ŀ Ÿö
캸 ̹ 浵 ִ.
Ĵϻ峪 [帶] ؼ Ÿ ö Ű
鵵 ڿ Ÿ ڱ ž ö ϰ
Ǿ.
츮 ̹ 6濡 ε Ÿ濡 μڵ ߽ Ͽ
žӿ Ͽ ٽ ϴ ڵ
ۿ ĸ ̷ ̺ٵ ̴. 츮 [ϹٶŸ]
Ǫ ̹ ĽŸ Ҹ İ ˼ ִ.
'ĽŸ' ״δ ' ָ ڵ'̶ ,
' ' ٽ ̸ ϳ. Ĵ ΰ ,
ϸ, ΰ ٿ Ͽ 迡 ִ
Ѵ. λ ſ Ͽ κ عǾ ؼ
̶ Ѵ.
[ Ǫ] [Ÿٽ Ĵϻ] Ŀ Ͽ
ı Ĵϻ忡 ĽŸ 縦 Ѹ
ϸ ĽŸ 䰡 ߴٰ Ѵ. ĽŸ ٽ
ȭ ֵǴ Ҹ 3 ι ħ
ĵ ־. ̵ ĽŸ Ҹ.
ĽŸĿ ĵ ڱ ϴ
28 ư , ư Ÿ
â ɷ ϴ Ÿ ź Ҿ ε
öе ϴ Ǿ. ư ĺ,
, , ۺ η Ǿ ݵ ƴϴ.
Ư ٽ ǰ ִ Ű ΰ ȥ 谡
پϰ صǰ ִ ̴. ĵ Ÿöп
ᱹ ؼ ̰ ̰ ִ ̴.
öü Ѵ.
14 Ÿö ٹ [öа] öü踦 16
ٷ ִ , öüμ 4 ٷ ִ.
ĽŸü, ̹ü, Ƽ Ȥ ν ü,
ٶ Ȥ ü̴. ߿ ĽŸĴ ̹ Ѵ
ĽŸ Ϻķμ 䰡 õ ַ ϴ Ŀ öδ
Ȱߴ ʴ. м õϴ μ 10⸻
ϻ縣 [ īī] ִ.
ϻ縣 ö 鵵 Ƿ Ŀ ö ̿
谡 ־ ȴ. 6-7 ö ʹī
ĽŸ ڷ ¸ö ŸĴٵ
ٽ ڿ. Ƹ ڵ ڱ žӿ ö ٰŸ
Կ ־ ·а ö ̷ äϿ ִ.
Ĵ ݼ ķμ ְŰ ߱Կ ־
ݼ μ ü ؼ
ȴٰ Ͼ. ö ־ Ȱ ̷
ʴ.
ٹٰ ϰ ִ , ̹ü νü ݸ鿡
ü ̷ ķμ ʿ䰡 ִ.
2. ̹ ˴Ÿ ö
̹ü ַ ư ö Īϴ μ ε Ÿо
ϴ ̹ ˴ŸĿ Ͽ ü踦 ̷ߴ.
츮 ̹ ٰ ִ. ̹ ˴Ÿ.
' ϼ ü' ̸ Ŀٰ ó ü踦
13 ĭٶ öڿ. Ÿо
[ ] 12ε ǰμ [ ư]
Ϻκп ٰϰ ִ. Ʒ곭, 츶Ƽ(14) Ͽ
ƴ. ڴ [ ˵], ڴ [ī] .
̹ ˴Ÿ 3 üμ Ѵ.
ΰ ұ(Ļ) ¡Ǵ Ű οȥ οȥ ӹϴ
Ź̴. Ӽ ϰ ִٰ Ѵ. , û, ,
, ӹڵκ , , Ǵ, ̴.
״ ϰ Һϸ 踦 âϰ, ȣϰ ıϴ, ȥ
ȥϰ ϸ, عŰ ϴ 5 Ȱ Ѵٰ Ѵ. ״
ɵμ Ͽ ټ Ȱ Ѵ.
μ, ǽ ְ Һϸ ̴.
Ǵ ߶ θ ִ. ߴ
ϴ ƴ϶ Ѵ.
ȥ ̶ θ. ֳϸ
Ͽ 迡 ֱ ̴. ȥ â ̴.
ȥ μ ̳ Ű ٸ ̴.
ȥ ̴. ȥ ʰ
ʴ´ٰ Ѵ.
ȥ ӹϴ ұ Ź Ȥ () ִٰ
Ѵ. ̴. 鿡 ̴.
μ ȥ İ ־ ϰ ü
ѵǾ ִ ߸ ϰ . Ƴٸ ̼
̶ θ. ȥ Ȥ ڼ DZ ̴.
̷ ٸƴ ӹڵ ȥ ӹڼ ̷ٰ Ѵ. ȥ ӹϴ
ι° ȥ Ͽ ȴ. ̼ϹǷ ʰ
ȥ ü սŰ ȴ. ü ڵ
ʷϴ ƴ϶ ̷ٰ Ѵ. °,
߶ μ װκ 谡 Ǿ ´.
̻ Ϳ Ͽ ° ȥ
η ٰ Ѵ. ȥ ̼ Ͽ,
̼ Ͽ, ȥ ο Ͽ
ӹڵǾ ִٰ Ѵ. ̹ ˴Ÿ ϸ ӹ ü Űö
ũƼó ̶ Ѵ. ȥ ̱ ȥ
κ ع ִ ̴.
ȥ ع Ͽ ؾ ϸ, Ͽ
ʿϴٰ Ѵ. ȥ ˱⸦ ϱ 빮,
鿡 ־ , 츮 װ ϱ⸸
ϸ ȴٴ ̴. ع ȥ ٽŰ ϳ Ǿ
Բ Ѵ. ȥ ü , װ ǽ Ѵٰ
ġ ұ ϴ ó, ȥ鵵 Ű Ѵٰ
Ѵ. âȰ ټ ٽŸ
, ȥ ġ ̴. ȥ ǰ̶ ڽ
Ͻϴ ̱ , ӹڵ ȥ ڽ Ͻϸ, ع ȥ
ڽ Ű Ͻϴ ̶ Ѵ.
̹ ˴Ÿ ö ַ Ÿ μڵ ž ư
ٰϿ ö̴. ̷
뿡 Ű ϴ Ÿ Ǿ.
ǥ öڷμ ĭŸ ִ. Ȯ ˷
ʾ 14 ι ȴ. ״ ٽž 忡 [帶]
ּ [̹ټ] ּ 16 ľ Ÿ Ͽ
Ǵٽ ּǾ. ̵ Ÿ ؼ ü ̹ ˴Ÿ ϰ
̷а ſ ϴ.
3. ν ö
̹ ˴Ÿİ ε ٰŸ ӿ Ͽ νĴ
ī̸濡 ö̾. 14 ʿ ī̸
̽ ǰ ʿ νĵ ϰ Ǿ.
ν ̸ οȥ ڽ ٽ ٽ νν
ȴٴ ̸̴.
ν âڴ 9 ι Ǵ ٽŸμ, 뿡 ϸ
״ ٽſ Ͽ ø ϵٺ ִ
[ٰ] ߰Ͽ ٺ Ҵٰ Ѵ. ״
[Ǵ īī] . Ĵ ٸ ̸δ [Ǵٷ]̶
Ҹ. Ͽ پ 谡 Ÿٴ ̷п ٰ ̸
̴. Ȥ ٽŰ ȥ Ѵ Ͽ ü̶ Ҹ.
ٽŸ Ҹ []Ʈȶ(10) [νİ],
ƺٱŸ(11) [ֻ], ũ(11) [ٰ漺] Ͽ
νķ ö ϼǰ Ǿ.
̹ ˴Ÿʹ νĴ Ͽ ö ߴ.
̷ Ÿʹ Ĵ پ缺 踦 츮 ְ һ
ʰ ȭ . ݺǴ ֱ ȭ
ǽ ̶ ̴. ΰ , , ,
¸ ϰ ̰ ٸ ƴ , ,
Ҹ, Ÿٴ ̴. ɵ̸ ̴.
â Ȱ ȭ̳ ʰ Ӹӿ
ȭ â Ȱ ϴٰ Ѵ.
Ͽ ȰѴ. ķ, , , ,
° ̴. ״ ߶ μ ڽ ϰ
ŸԲ Ѵ. ̻ 鿡 Ͽ οȥ
پ , ְ 谡 Ÿ Ÿ ̸
پ缺 μ ϴ ƴϴ. ġ 繰 ſ￡
Ÿ ó 踦 ڽ ȿ Ÿ Ѵٴ ̴.
νö پ ϱ Ͽ Űö 25
11 ߰Ͽ 36 Ѵ. ٿ ְ ٸ Ͽ
Ͽ 36° () ϴ ̴.
ؼ οȥ Ͽ ڽ ̰ ü νĽŰ
Ű ϼ ϴ ؾ߸ ϴ. Ÿ ؼ
ñ ν Ư ڿ ϰϿ ƾ߸
Ѵٰ Ѵ. ̷ Ͽ ȥ Ű ϳ νϸ
Ѽ ̴. ν ȹ ÿ ̹
Ű Ż Ŀ μ ʿϰ ȴٰ Ѵ.
4 ε
21 ε
1. ̽ α
Ÿ ǿ ε ȭ Ÿ ġ
Ŀ Ͽ. δ ε ȭ ߱
Ƽ, ƽþ Ǿ, δ ε ȸ
ϰ ڸ Ǿ. ġδ Ÿ
Ͽ ε Ͽ ձ иϰ Ǿ,
Ӿ 븳 ġ ȥ ñ Ǿ.
̷ ¿ ٽ ε ġ ϰ ε
ֹε ƴ϶ ȸ̾. ± 632 ϸ ۵
̽ ġ, â ð ߵ Ͽ Ӹ ƴ϶,
âϿ ߱濡 ̸ Ǿ. 10 ʹ
Ű ȸ īϽźκ ε Ͽ ,
13ʹ ε κ ȸ 踦 ޱ Ͽ, 14
ĭ濡 ȸձ . 16 ũٸ(1556~1605) Ͽ
ε κ ȸ ձ Ͽ ,
ġ ƿ ̸ ġ ߴ. ƿ
ް ϱ , Ҿ
ε ϱ ϰ Ǿ. 18 ߿ ̹ ε
, 19 ʿ ε ġϰ ̴.
ᱹ ε 13 1947 ġ ã 700Ⱓ ܼ
踦 Ҵ ̴.
̽ ݻ Ÿ Ƿ α ȭ ʾ,
α ̽ ϱ Ͽ α ü ̽
ġ 迡 ұϰ ū ȭ ʰ ӵǾ. 켱
Ƽ ȸڴ α ȸ ̷ ִ ijƮ
鸲 Ǿ ̴. ̽
ؼߴ ̴. Ӹ ƴ϶ μڵ鿡 Ͽ ֵ
žӿ ε ۾鼭 α Ұ
ο ־.
ٸ δ λ簡 ̽ ϰ Ͻ ž
ٽű α Ҿ ̽ ȭ ϴ
ϰ Ǿ. ̷ ǥϴ ڷμ ī(1380~1460)
(1469~1538) ִ.
ī μ α ž ̾ Ҵ. ״
ȭ ڵ â
ڿ. ī α ̷ öа ̽ Ͻ
Ͽ θ Ű ˶ ڽ̶ ҷ.
״ ̳̽ α ܰ ŸǸ ϰ л̸
̸ ̸ ߴ. Դ Ż質
̳ ̽ ũ ҿ ѽŰ μ
̳ ǹ ϴ ڿԴ Գ θ ˸ٰ
Ѵ. ī ̽ α ǽǸ ôϰ ڸ
ߴ.
ī Ͽ Ǿ. α ̽κ
Ằϰ αڿ ȸڸ Ͽ ϳ ϴ
ũ(<۵>̶ ) Ҹ ο âߴ. ũ
ַ α 鼭 ̽ Ͻž ϸ
Ż踦 ôߴ. ũ ۵ Ͽ
Ʈ(<å>̶ ) ߽ Ҵ.
̽ Ÿ ұϰ
α ȭ ϴ ο ϰ Ǿ. Ư ָ
4 峲 ٶ (1615~1659). ״ ũٸ ̷
յ 뼺 ̾ ̽ α տ
. ״ ̽ ź Ʒ α
ź, Ư Ĵϻ 翡 Ͽ ϼ ϱ ̸.
״ Ĵϻ带 ϽŻ ġ и ÷ Ͽ,
Ĵϻ 52 Ͽ κ 丣þƾ
Ĵϻ带 ߴ. ٶ ̿ µ
̽ ڵ ݹ 缭 ᱹ ״ 豳ڷ óǾ. ڸ
ƿ(1658~1707) ȸμ ״ ũٸ ̷
ս ٺ θ .
2. ġ α
̽ ʹ ε λȸ ȭ Ŀٶ
ְ Ǿ. 켱 ġδ ġ ̽ 踦 ƿԴ
α鿡 ع氨 Դ. Ӹ ƴ϶ ε
̽ ʹ ü ̾ , ̽ 캸ٴ
Ƶ̱ ̾. ε鿡 Ͽ Ե
ٴ ټ α鿡 ,
Ҽ ε ε鿡 Ͽ Ƶ鿩 ̴.
ó ̽ ڵ ݹ ̴.
Ͽ ε ̽ 躸 ðδ ξ ª,
εȸ ȭ Ͽ ٺ ȭ ʷϰ Ǿ.
ε鿡 Ͽ ٴ ո
ٶ ֵϿ ̷ ȸ Ǵ ,
εε鿡 ο ȸ ġ ߴ ̴. ٶ ȸ
Ư̶簡 뿹ް õε鿡 , ھ̵ ȥ,ε
ȥ, Ƽ( Ҿ ȭϴ ) ո ε鿡
Ͽ ƴ϶, ο Ҽ ε ڽſ
Ͽ ڰǰ Ǿ, ̵ ȸ Ϸ
ϰ ̴. ġ, Ҿ
̴ ϱ α
Ҵ. α ٽű žӰ Ż
Ǿ, ̷ ο Ϻ ε
ε鿡 ؼ Ƶ鿩 ̴. α Ͼ
ǥ ϰ 캻.
1. 縶
1828 (1774~1833) Ͽ ۵Ǿ. ̴
ڷ ֵǸ, ״ α ȸ
Ӹ ƴ϶ Ȯ Ͽ . ڵ鿡 ϸ
ٽű ž̳ Ż α α
ħκ Ÿ ̴. ؼ ϸ Ĵϻ Ͻ
ġ, ״ ̰Ϳ Ͽ α ߴ.
״ 1815 1819 ̿ Ĵϻ带 ߴ.
̿ Ͽ ۵ < 縶> Ʈ Ÿ
Ͽ Ǿ. 뺧л Ʈ Ÿ(1861~1941)
Ʈ Ÿ Ƶ̾.
2. Ƹ 縶
'Ƹ 縶' α , ȸ , δ
縶갡 ʹ ġ ȭ Ѵٰ ϸ鼭
ȸ ã ߴ.
پ߳(1824~1883) Ͽ âõǾ. ϸ ٴ
ϽŻ ġ, Ż ijƮ ġ
ʴ´. α ؾ, й̳
ġ ô Ƽ ȵȴٰ Ѵ. α 뿡
ο ̵带 ɾ ־, ' 縶'
Ͽ. ̻ Ѿ
λȸ ü Ͽ.
3. ũ ȸ
ũ(1836~1886) 濡 ߴ. ״ 16
íŸϾ߿ -ũ ž ̾ ڿ.
״ ü Ͽ ñ ϳ ,
ī ̷ Ÿö Ͽ ̿ ̷ ħ .
״ ̽ Ͽ, ϸ ȯ
Ҵٰ Ѵ. ɼ î ī(1863~1902)
ڵ鿡 Ͽ θ ĵǰ Ǿ. Ư īٴ 1893
ī ' ȸ' Ÿöп α
Ұ, 1896 ' Ÿȸ' â߰, ε ƿͼ
'ũ ȸ' âߴ. 'ũ ȸ' ε
θ Ѽ, Ÿ ö ߽ α 翡 Ұϴµ
ū ߴ.
4. Ÿ
Ʈ Ÿ(1861~1941) Ƹ Ҿ ε
ι ֵǴ ̴. 1912 ǵ [ź߸]μ 뺧л
ϸ鼭 ״ ε ǥϴ μ ġ Ǿ.
״ ϸ鼭 ټ
ϸ鼭 η ڻ ϱ. ״ Ư ε ƽþ ڽŰ
踦 ϸ鼭 ö
ߴ. ־ ״ ε ġ ϸ鼭 ش ġϺ
ݴ ε Ǹ ߴ. ״
ɿ ұϰ ü ġ ſ
ߴ ̴.
Ÿ Ÿö Ͽ ̾ް 踦 ȯ
ʴ´. ӿ ڽ Ÿ ڿ ź Ƹٿ
Ͽ 츮 ν Ѵ.
5.
(1869~1948) ε ġμ ȣ
̾. ״ ̳ 罺
ȭǿӸ ƴ϶ α 뿡 ã , Ͽ
ε ߿ ° ȣҷ ϰ Ͽ ̴. ״ Ʈ
( ȥ)̶ Īȣ ϳ ڷα ߾ӹް Ǿ.
״ εε鿡 ġ ̻ ߴ. ġ
ġ Ѿ ڱð ϼ ǹߴ.
̷ ڱ ħν [ٰٵ Ÿ] ൿ ö
'ī 䰡' Ȱӿ ϰ ߴ. ε ġ
' ' õ ҷ ״.
Ÿ ǿ Ͽ ڱⰡ ܱǰ źε ü
ġ 鸸 ָ ߵ ΰٿ ̶
ȣϸ鼭 , ġ Ұи ߴ. ״ ε
Ǵ Ÿ̰ ħ ƴ϶ ε ̸ ε 踦
Ͽ ױ ڽ ˾ƾ Ѵٰ ߴ.
22 εö
1. κ ö
Ÿ ¿ ұϰ öڶ⺸ٴ
ΰ ġ, ǹ̷μ ҷ ̴. 츮
ε ö װ ؼϴ ε ö
ǥ μ κ ũ .
κ(1872~1950) ͱϿ
ε Ͽ . [ٰٵ Ÿ] 'ī 䰡'
Ͽ, ߿ ġȰ 䰡 ڷμ, öڷμ
λ ƴ. ü Ÿö ο ؼ ִ. ״
εö ַ ϴ ī ̷ Ÿö Ĵϻ ö
߸ ؼ ̶ ߴ. ϸ 常
̸鼭 پ缺 ʴ´. 常 ̸鼭 ̰,
̸鼭 ̴. κ ұ ϰ ٸ
, ī ö ٸ ϰ ϸ ִٰ Ѵ.
, ǽ, μ 常 μ
θ Ÿ. Ȥ Ƽμ
ϴ ̴. κ 常 ڱ ڽ Ͽ پ
Ÿ ' ε' θ. ε Ʈ, ĩƮ, Ƴٷμ
常 پ Ű ִ, 常 ڱǽμ
̴. 常 ε带 Ͽ ڱ θ Ÿ
κ ϰ Ȥ ̶ θ. ϰ 常
ϴ ϰ ϳ ÿ ȿ 常 Ͽ
Ӿ ȭ ߱ϰ ȴ. ȭ κ ̶
θ. Ͽ ȭϰ, ȭѴ. ΰ
ϰ ġ ϰ ִ ̴. ֳϸ
ΰ , , ŻӸ ƴ϶, ȥ, Ȥ ھ̱ ̴.
ΰ ̷ ȭ ӿ ϰ ڽſ ڰ Ͽ
, , μ ھƸ ʿϿ, ε Ŀ
Ͽ ϴ ̴.
̷ ΰ ε忡 ϸ, ֳ ó ִ
Ʈ, ĩƮ, Ƴٴ 巯 Ǵ ̴. ̰ ΰ
ڱ ̿, ȭ ڱ ̴. ΰ ְ
¸ κ ̶ θ, ̷ ȭ ΰ
Ȥ ̶ θ. ״ ̷ ñظǥ ϱ Ͽ
ڽ ϴ 䰡 ϰ ִ. κ
ϸ ʿ ٽ ϰϿ ε
迡 ϸ ʿȭ ȭ ´ٰ Ѵ.
κ ö Ÿ ö ̾鼭
ȭ , ī 常
常 忡 ΰ ؼ
õ ö̶ ִ.
2. ũ ö
ũ(1888~) ִ ε ǥϴ .
״ īٰ α 翡 Ұߴ Ͱ
Ÿöп Ͽ ǹ̸ ؼϿ
ҷ״. ״ ε öа ϰ Ұϴ ū
Ӹ ƴ϶, dz ٿ α
عħ ϴ ö Ͽ 뿡 ־ ؿ ȭ
־.
ũ Ͽ ϰְ ǿ
ϸ η Ȱ 뼺 ϼ
ߴ. ϸ ñ ϳ̴. , , , ǽĵ
ǥ پϰ ̵ ̴ ̳,
ü迡 ־ ٺ ġѴٰ Ѵ.
ٽ ü迡 ִ а
ǥ ִ ƴ ״ Ӿ ϰ ִ. ü ȥ̿,
ǥ ü ״ Ѵ.
ü̶ 츮 ġ Ͻ ִ μ ϰ
翡 츮 ߱ ǹѴ. ũ
ü Ưμ, ù° ְ и ʿ ǽ Ѵ. Ĵϻ忡
ϴ ھ ü , ̷ ǽ ¿ ƴ ڿ ˷ ,
ǽİ , 븳 ʿǸ
ٰ Ѵ. Ͽ ھ θ ھƿ Ͽ
ٰ Ѵ. ü ü ־ ̰ Ͽ ǹ̿
Ÿ缺 ־ ٸ ܺ ʿ ʴ´ٰ Ѵ.
ü ڸ ȮǼ ϰ ִٴ ̴.
ü迡 ϻȰ ȭ Ѵٰ
Ѵ. ü ǥ ʿѴ. ¡
ǥ̳ Ͻø ̴. ̵ ǥ ȭ Ư
ޱ ״ صǾ ȵȴ. ũ ϱ⸦
ü̶ ٰ Ѵ. ü
Ư ȿ ϸ ؼǰ ֱ ̴.
ü , 츮 ؼ ʿϴ
̴. 츮 װ ̰ ΰ üϰ ؼ
ڶ θ, 츮 װ ǽİ ؼ ̶
θٴ ̴. ΰݰ ΰ ؼ ʿϴ
̶ ̴.
̷ ʿ ұϰ 츮 װ ִ
װ 츮 ΰ Ͱ 缺 ֱ ̶ Ѵ.
츮 ȥ Ȥ ھư 翡 ϰ ֱ 빮 ̴.
Ͽ 츮 ھƸ ߰ϰ ؾ Ѵٴ ̴.
ؼ ۾Ƽ ھƿ Ǿ ִ ͵
ؾ Ѵٰ Ѵ. Ư ھƹ߰ ϰ ִ.
ǥ Ͽ ھƸ ȭŰ η ȭϴ Ϳ
ִٴ ̴. ̰ ̴.
1. εö
ΰ Ͽ Ǵ پ ǵ ӿ
ڱ ڽ ʰ ȣ ü質 Ģ ãƼ
ľ ΰ ִ 䱸̴. ̷ 䱸
ÿ ϰ ȥ ӿ Ⱘ ʰ
ǹִ ൿ ϱ õ 䱸 ϴ ̴. Ӹ ƴ϶
ڽ 縦 ϴ ϰ Ŀ Һϰ
ٿ 縦 ã ͵ η ߱ ö
ɻ翴 Ʋ. ̷ , õ, 屸 Ű
̴.
츮 ̹ εö پ 캸Ҵ. ⼭
پ ƶ ṵ̈
ν εö ü ؿ ǰ Ѵ.
켱 εö پ Ŀ ִ ñ 縦 Ҵ°
.
1. ʱ ε ü پ 踦 ״ Ƶ̴
. 鼭 鿡 Ͽ ȴٰ
Ͼ ΰ μ ߴ. ٴ
踦 ȥ̳ ̳ ڿ ȯ
Ϸ ʾҴ. ε鵵 ʱ ͼ
Ŀ ϳ 簡 ϰ Ǿ. 翡
߱ Ĵϻ忡 ͼ ǰ Ǿ. Ĵϻ
ñ 縦 常̶ ҷ 常 ΰ
Ʈ Ͻߴ. ÿ ΰ ΰ ǽ Ž Ͽ
ľǵǾ.
2. Ÿ Ĵϻ ϳ 縦 Žϴ Ͽ ̻
źϰ ΰ ҵ, , Ȥ
ǵ ľϴ ߴ. ̷
ҵ ڼ ƴ϶ ǻϸ
ϴ ۿ̳ μ ֵǾ. Ÿ ̷
̰ ҵ鸸 ϴ η ʾҴ.
ù° ̷ ҵ Ҹ ·μ ̶
̰ μ ϱ 縦 ̴. ° ҵ鰣
ȣۿ 꿡 Ģ Ÿ ƴ. ⼳
̴. ü ױ ̴.
3. ·ö ҽºұ ٿ ǥϸ鼭 ұʹ
ٿ ҵ ͵ ʰ ڵ ڵ տ
Ͽ ̷ , , ȭ, dz . Ӹ ƴ϶ ð, , DZٵ ھƵ鵵
ü Ѵ. ̷ ü ܿ , Ȥ , , Ư,
ֵμ 踦 ľϸ ̵ ֵ
̴.
̳ 縦 ټ ü, , , ġ, , ȥ
ľϸ íī ö , , ȭ, dz 4Ҹ ü
ϴ ̴.
ٸ δ ̿ Ÿ ö Ű ȥ
ü ľϸ, Űö ϳ
ټ ȥ鸸 ü Ѵ.
4. ̻ 踦 ٿ ؿ Ͽ ٿ
پ缺 Ÿ ȯ ϳ 翡 Ͽ 踦
ؼϴ Ͽ ִ. ̷ Ĵϻ忡 ̹ ã
װ ̷ ºұ öа ̷
Ÿöп̴. 켱 ߰öп ϴ Ͽ
Ѵ. ̸ ٸ ƴ ̴. ߰öп
̶ ִ ü ƴϸ 踦 ʿϿ ִ
̻ 絵 ƴϴ. ü ٷ ̸ ̴.
̴ һ ȯ̸ Ӽ ܰ迡
θ ̴. ö ϸ鼭 Ͽ
踦 ϰ Ѵ.
ºұ Ĵϻ [帶]
ؼϰ ö Ͽ ī ̷ Ÿö
̴. ⼭ , , μ 常 Ϲ ̸
̿ ȥ̳ 繰 Ʒ Ÿ
ȯ ̴. 常 缺 ϸ鼭 ڸ
߽ ž Ÿ öڵ ÿ οȥ 缺
Ϸ Ÿö ״.
̻ ִ ñ
ΰ賻 踦 캼 츮 4 ̷
ִ.
1. ñ⼳: ³Ŀ ϴ μ 繰
ڵ ̷ٴ ̴. ڵ տ Ͽ ڵ
ٸ ο ͵ μ Ѵٴ ̷̴. ̰ ӿ ̹ ԵǾ
ʴٴ ߹ ̴.
2. : ö п μ پ 踦
ٺ ̴. ȭ
ӿ ̹ ִٴ ϴ ̴.
а ߹̶ ٺ ̴
ұϰ ϴ ʴ ü ϴ
ġϰ ִ. ұ ̷ Ÿö ̷ ΰ
ôѴ. ֳϸ ̶ ؾ Ѵٴ
ݷ̴. ұ ̷ Ÿ ̷ κ
ΰ ݴǴ ̲ ȴ. ұ ϸ ϹǷ
ε ۿ ٴ ϴ ݸ ̷ Ÿ ϰ
پ ȯ 缺 Ѵ. 常
̴. Ͽ 츮 ΰ ΰ ߰ϰ
ȴ.
3. ռ: Ÿ ٺ ħ ٰ μ 繰
° ȭտ Ͽ Ѵٴ ̸ ü Ǿ
迡 ãƺ ٴ ̴. ö ڼ 迡
ٿ ̸ ߹ ·а ̳ ü
Ѵ. · 繰 μ ü ұ
ǵ鸸 ̴.
ü ϰ հ ұ
ΰ Ӽ̳ ϱ ƴٴ Ҵ. ̿
ο ＼ü Ͽ üȭϴ Ÿ´.
ݰ ̳ ߰ö ̷ ôϰ ڼ
ϰ Ǿ. ̿ ̶ 迡 ΰ
̶ Ӽ Ǵ
ʴ ̴. ö 縦 ٸ δ
μ ΰа ణ 缺 ̰ ִ.
İ ٸ ̴.
4. :̰ پ缺 Ÿ ȯ
常 Ȥ Ʈ ϴ طμ ̷ Ÿö
̴. ߰öп ⼭ ΰ̶ μ
迡 Ÿ ̷̸ ϻ κʹ
ñ Ҿ ̴.
常 ΰ踦 ̴. ϻ
常 Ͽ Ÿ
常 ִ. ̷ 濡 ̷ Ÿö
常 ΰ ϴ ̴. ڸ ž
Ÿöڵ ϰ ϰ ִٰ ִ.
2. ε ְ
1. α
ٿ Ÿ ְ ϸ ִ ֵƴ. δ
ؿ ް ϴ ŵ ̰ Ȱϴ ϴ ְ ؿ
ŵ Ȱϴ ߱ǰ Ʒ 츮 ִ ϰ ձ
ִ. Ŀ α ְ ִ ̺
ȴ. ִ â ü Ǯϴ
ϰ üμ 츮 ִ
ϳ ʴ´.
21
() Ǿ ִٰ Ѵ. ߿ κ ϰ° ġϰ
ִ. δ ö Ƹٿ 6 õ谡 ű
ַ ŵ ϰ δ Ż θ 7 ϼ谡 ־
(θ ) ȭ ִ. Ż ؿ 7
־ Ʒ 뽺 ȴ. ̷
ӿ ٸ κ ݸǾ ִٰ Ѵ.
ũ 翡 Ͽ ε õڵ ̶ ߰
ũⰡ ó ϰ , ̷
Ѿ 踦 ϳ Ŵϰ ߴ.
߽ɿ ̻ ־ ؿ ް ִ. ̻ 濡
ٴٸ ̿ ΰ 4 ʿ ִ
μ ̰ ΰ ̸ ʿ 꿡 Ͽ
ݸǾ 'ٶŸڼյ ' ε ġ ִٰ Ͼ.
Ǫ鿡 Ÿ ִ ̺ Ѵ. Ͽ
̻ ѷΰ ִ ȯ Ǿ ȯ 'ö'
Ҹ ٸ ϳ Ͽ ȯ ѷο ִ. ̷ Ͽ
̻ ߽ Ͽ 7 ȯ Ǿ
̿ ұ, , , , ũ, , ٴٰ ִٰ ߴ.
2. ұ ְ
ұ ְ ִ Ӽ, , Ǿִ.
μ ¾ ̴. Ӱ
, , , , , ϴ 6 ִ μ
¾ Ǵ 5 翵 Ǿ ִ.
ִ κ Ͽ Ʊ, , , Ӽ
մ ŵ ϴ ̴. Ͽ ο , ߿ ,
8 ̰ ִٰ Ѵ.
ǥ鿡 ϸ ŵ ̻ ִ õ迡 Ѵ.
ɻõ, ߸õ, õ(Ÿ) 6 õ ִ.
Ӽ ̼ 谡 ִ. , , 3
ϴ ڵ ִٰ Ѵ. ܰ
Ͽ μ 17 õ Ǿ ִ.
谡 ִ. ̰ μ
ʴ´. 븸 ̴. 赵
Ͽ ִ μ 繫 ִ. ó,
Ĺó, ó, ó̴. 踦 ļ Ȥ
õ̶ θ.
3. εö ġ, ȭ ǥ
* 2500-1500
ġ, ȭ: ٷ ϶ δ
* 1500-1000
ġ, ȭ: Ƹ εħ
öл: Ÿ
* 1000-700
ġ, ȭ: , 帶
* 700-600
ġ, ȭ: Ƹε ϰ
öл: ʱ Ĵϻ , ĸ
* 600-500
ġ, ȭ: ֱ(,ڻ) ùȭ ߴ
öл: Ÿ Ÿ ź(566), ܵ, Ϻ
* 500-400
öл: Ÿ Ÿ (486), ջ缺 ϰ
* 400-300
ġ, ȭ: Ĵϴ ȭ , ˷ εħ(326),
î Ÿ 츮 (320), īƿ
öл: º,ߺ ٺп, ߱ Ĵϻ , īʶ
* 300-200
ġ, ȭ: Ƽī (269)
öл: ұ Ȯ Ϸ , ı Ĵϻ,
* 200-0
ġ, ȭ: (186),Ϻ ձ
[] , [ϹٶŸ], Ÿϳ( 1)
öл: ĺұ , [ٰٵ Ÿ],
öĵ : ź߸, ī, Ÿ, ̴̹, ٴٶ߳
* 1-100
ġ, ȭ:
öл: ºұ ʱ°, [̸] []
* 100-200
ġ, ȭ: īϽī
öл: [·а] [] [ڷ]
* 200-300
ġ, ȭ: Mahabharata Ramayana ϰ, Yajnavalkya Smrti
öл: [Žа], Aryadeva Harivarman, Maitreya
* 300-400
ġ, ȭ: Ÿ(318), Kalidasa, Visnu-purana,
öл: Asanga, Vasubandhu [帶], [䰡], [м], []
* 400-500
ġ, ȭ: εħ
öл: , , , Vallabhi
* 500-600
ġ, ȭ: Ÿ ر
öл: ȣ, û, ȣ,
* 600-700
ġ, ȭ: Harsa (606), ,
öл: , , Ī, Ī
* 700-800
ġ, ȭ: ȶ
* 1000-1100
ġ, ȭ: ȸ εħ
* 1200-1300
ġ, ȭ: ȸ ε
* 1300-1400
ġ, ȭ: Vijayanagara
* 1500-1600
ġ, ȭ: Akbar
* 1600-1700
ġ, ȭ: εȸ
* 1700-1800
ġ, ȭ: Ҷ
* 1800-1900
ġ, ȭ: ġ
* 1900-
ġ, ȭ: Gandhi, Tagore ε (1947)
- By hoya
- on September 23, 2010 am 12:12
Description : 인도철학사
지은이: 길희성
펴낸곳: (주) 민음사
1984년 4월 30일 초판발행
1994년 2월 25일 펴냄(8쇄)
길희성: 서울대학교 문리대 철학과 졸업. 하바드대학교에서 비교종교학 전공.
저서- Chinul, the Founder of the Korean Son Tradition
현재 서강대학교 종교학과 교수
머리말
이 책은 인도철학의 간략한 사적 개관을 줌과 동시에 각 학파들의 철학사상을 인간적으로
소개하려는 의도에서 씌어졌다.
인도의 철학적 전통은 그 장구한 역사와 심오한 사색, 사상의 다양성과 영향력, 그리고
산출된 문헌들의 방대함에 있어서 세계의 어느 문화권에서 형성된 철학과도 비견할 만한
전통이다.
따라서 인도는 물론 서구라파와 일본의 많은 하자들의 연구의 대상이 되어 왔다. 그러나
우리 나라에 있어서 인도철학의 연구라는 것은 지극히 미약한 상태에 있다는 것은 주지의
사실이다.
이것은 불교가 우리 나라의 문화적 전통의 한 근간을 이루고 있다는 것에 비추어 볼 때
더욱더 유감스러운 일이라 아니할 수 없다. 왜냐하면 비록 불교가 인도에서 발생하여
세계적인 종교로 발전했음에도 불구하고 불교
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